30 Questions
Which hormone can increase blood glucose levels by inhibiting uptake of glucose by body cells?
Cortisol
In which tissues does cortisol have catabolic effects?
Muscle, lymphoid tissue, and adipose tissue
What is the role of cortisol in protein metabolism?
It increases the rate of protein synthesis in liver
How does cortisol act as an immunosuppressant?
By reducing eosinophil, lymphocytes, and macrophages
Which gland is responsible for the release of cortisol in response to stress?
Adrenal gland
How can extreme physiologic stressors affect an individual?
Increase risk for illness
What is the outcome of cellular injury when a cell is unable to maintain homeostasis in the face of injurious stimuli?
Cell may recover (reversible injury)
Which of the following is NOT listed as an injurious stimuli that can lead to cellular injury?
Excessive heat
What is the role of adaptation in cellular function?
Adaptation helps cells protect themselves from injury
What is the energy released when a mole of glucose is metabolically broken down in the presence of oxygen into carbon dioxide and water?
$686$ kcal
In early stages of a successful adaptive response, what might cells experience?
Enhanced function
What do cells need to do in order to protect themselves from injury?
Adapt to their environment
Which term is defined as a demand that exceeds a person’s coping abilities, resulting in disturbances of cognition, emotion, and behavior?
Stress
What are the 3 stages of stress development in GAS, as defined by Hans Selye?
Alarm, Stage of Resistance or Adaptation, Stage of Exhaustion
During stress, which of the following is suppressed?
Reproduction, growth, and thyroid hormone
Which gland activates during stress due to ACTH and increases the secretion of glucocorticoid hormones?
Adrenal cortex
What is one of the primary effects of cortisol during stress?
Stimulation of gluconeogenesis
Which hormone is known as hydrocortisone and is primarily secreted by the adrenal cortex during stress?
Cortisol
What is defined as the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another (less mature) cell type?
Metaplasia
Which adaptive change is characterized by an increase in cell number?
Hyperplasia
What is a common example of pathologic hyperplasia described in the text?
Endometrial cells proliferation due to estrogen over-secretion
Which of the following is a significant biochemical theme in understanding cell injury and cell death?
ATP depletion
What is the most common cause of cellular injury according to the text?
Ischemia
Which organ enlarges in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
Left Ventricle
Within 1 minute after blood supply is interrupted, what happens to heart muscle according to the text?
It becomes pale and has difficulty contracting
What is the main symptom of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
Chest Pain
What major change is observed in cellular aging related to mitochondria?
Reduced oxidative phosphorylation
What is the maximal life span range for humans according to the text?
90-100 years
After age 65, which gender typically outnumbers the other in terms of life expectancy?
Women
Which area of study suggests changes produced by genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors in aging?
Cellular changes produced by genetics only
Test your knowledge on cellular injury, recovery, and injurious stimuli. Learn about reversible and irreversible cell injury and the various factors that can cause cellular damage.
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