Vascular Response to Cellular Injury

The initial response of blood vessels to cellular injury, involving vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.

A brief, temporary narrowing of blood vessels.

Widening of blood vessels.

Increased ability of capillaries to allow fluids and proteins to pass through their walls.

Fluid filled with proteins and albumin that leaks from the capillaries during inflammation.

A fracture where the skin remains intact and the bone is not exposed.

A fracture where the skin is broken and the bone is exposed, increasing risk of infection.

A fracture where the break goes all the way through the bone.

A fracture where the break does not go all the way through the bone.

A fracture where the bone ends are out of alignment.

A fracture where the bone ends are still aligned.

A common treatment for fractures that stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation.

A blood clot that forms at the site of a fracture within the first 72 hours.

Erosion of the stomach or duodenal lining caused by acid and pepsin.

A bacterial infection that commonly causes peptic ulcers.

There are two: acute (short-lived, superficial) and chronic (long-lasting, deeper).

More common in women over 50, often in the antrum of the stomach.

Most common type, frequently found in the first 1-2 cm of the duodenum.

Inflammation of the appendix caused by blockage, often by a fecalith.

A hard, calcified mass of feces that can obstruct the appendix.

Can lead to gangrene, perforation, peritonitis, and sepsis, which is life-threatening.

Low blood calcium levels (<8.5mg/dL). Can be caused by conditions like removal of parathyroid glands or chronic alcohol use.

Tingling in extremities, muscle cramps, convulsions, prolonged QT interval, and tetany (muscle spasms).

A sign of hypocalcemia, where tapping on the facial nerve causes a twitch of the cheek.

A sign of hypocalcemia where the hand flexes involuntarily when blood pressure is taken in the arm.

The body's mechanisms to maintain a stable pH level (7.35-7.45) in the blood.

The first line of defense in acid-base regulation, instantly reacting to neutralize small fluctuations in pH. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate system is the primary buffer.

The second line of defense, controlling the rate and depth of breathing to regulate CO2 levels in the blood. Hyperventilation (increased breathing) leads to alkalosis, while hypoventilation (decreased breathing) leads to acidosis.

The third line of defense, maintaining pH balance over long periods. Kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate (HCO3-) and excrete hydrogen ions (H+).

High blood sugar levels (above the normal range of 70-120mg/dL).

The body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to a lack of insulin.

A serious complication of diabetes caused by a lack of insulin, leading to the body breaking down fat for energy, producing ketones, and causing acidosis.

Polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).

Characterized by inadequate insulin production and/or insulin resistance, meaning the body doesn't use insulin effectively.

Diabetes can lead to long-term complications affecting both small and large blood vessels, including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and peripheral vascular problems.

A serious condition characterized by extremely high blood sugar, dehydration, and hyperosmolarity, without significant ketoacidosis.

Type 1 diabetes is caused by the body's immune system attacking the pancreas, while Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and/or inadequate insulin production.

E. coli is the most frequent culprit behind UTIs. This bacterium often finds its way into the urinary tract and contributes to the inflammation that causes UTIs.

Aging, diabetes mellitus, foreign bodies, prostate enlargement (BPH), catheters, and kidney stones increase the risk of UTIs.

Inflammation of the kidney's parenchyma and collecting system, which are responsible for filtering waste and producing urine. It's considered a complicated UTI, often leading to fever and a feeling of being unwell.

Cystitis is the inflammation of the bladder, the sac that stores urine before it's expelled from the body.

It's the inflammation of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

This is a serious condition where a UTI spreads beyond the urinary tract, leading to a systemic infection affecting your entire body. This often requires ICU care due to the risk of shock and even death.

Symptoms can include pain or burning sensation when urinating (dysuria), difficulty starting urination (hesitancy), dribbling after urination, feeling like you haven't emptied your bladder completely, urinary incontinence, frequent urination, particularly at night (nocturia), urgency to urinate, abdominal or back pain, fever, cloudy or discolored urine, and signs of sepsis like confusion in elderly individuals.

Taking a culture helps identify the specific bacteria causing the UTI, which is critical for choosing the most effective antibiotic. This helps prevent antibiotic resistance and ensure targeted treatment.

A precancerous skin lesion caused by sun exposure. It appears as a flat, slightly red, irregular patch with a hard scale or horn.

The most common type of skin cancer, arising from the basal layer of the epidermis. It's slow-growing and rarely spreads.

A skin cancer arising from the squamous cells of the epidermis. It can grow more aggressively and spread.

A dangerous skin cancer that can spread quickly if not caught early. It's characterized by asymmetry, irregular borders, varied colors, diameter greater than 6mm, and evolving appearance.

An infection of the subcutaneous tissue, causing redness, swelling, heat, and pain. It's often caused by bacteria like staphylococcus aureus and streptococci.

A contagious bacterial skin infection, often caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci. It presents as itchy, pus-filled blisters with honey-colored crusts.

Head lice infestation, characterized by itching, nits (eggs) attached to hair, and lice crawling on the scalp.

A contagious skin infestation caused by a mite that burrows into the skin. It causes intense itching, especially at night.

An inflammation of the skin caused by an allergic reaction to a substance. It presents as red, itchy, and scaly patches.

A chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by rapid skin cell turnover, resulting in thick, scaly plaques.

A treatment for skin conditions that involves freezing abnormal cells with liquid nitrogen.

A cream used to treat certain skin cancers, including actinic keratosis and non-invasive basal or squamous cell carcinomas.

A procedure where a sample of tissue is removed from the body for examination under a microscope.

A cancer treatment that uses high-energy rays to damage cancer cells.

A procedure to remove cancerous tissues by cutting them out.