Chapter 15, 16, 17 Test - Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

Which neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic neurons?

  • Acetylcholine (correct)
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Norepinephrine

The sympathetic nervous system promotes rest and digest activities.

False (B)

Name the part of the brain that regulates the endocrine system.

hypothalamus

The two types of cholinergic receptors are ____________________ and ____________________.

<p>nicotinic receptors, muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptors are responsible for the body's response to norepinephrine?

<p>a1, a2, b1, b2, b3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cranial nerves with what they innervate:

<p>Vagus Nerve = Heart, lungs and digestive tract Glossopharyngeal Nerve = Tongue and pharynx Oculomotor Nerve = Eye Vestibulocochlear Nerve = Inner ear providing hearing, balance and equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following receptors are responsible for sensing pain from internal organs?

<p>Nociceptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released faster than acetylcholine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interoceptors are responsible for sensing external stimuli.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain controls the muscular system?

<p>motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of proprioceptors in the body?

<p>They provide the recognizing position of body parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gyri in the brain that receive sensory information is called the ______.

<p>postcentral gyri</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor detects changes in chemical concentrations like oxygen and carbon dioxide?

<p>Chemoreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of receptor with its function:

<p>Photoreceptors = Detect light Baroreceptors = Monitor blood pressure Thermoreceptors = Sense temperature Mechanoreceptors = Detect touch and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

The precentral gyri in the brain are responsible for receiving sensory information.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sensory receptors determine important information from background stimuli?

<p>Through adaptation and habituation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information do ascending pathways transmit?

<p>Sensory information to the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Descending pathways transmit sensory information from the brain to the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for pain perceived at a location other than the actual site of the painful stimulus?

<p>referred pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is a representation of body parts and their corresponding sensory and motor functions.

<p>homunculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is associated with the special sense of smell?

<p>Olfactory nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to the motor cortex can lead to sensory loss.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cortex damage results in loss of sensation?

<p>sensory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cranial nerve to its associated special sense:

<p>Olfactory nerve = Smell Optic nerve = Vision Vestibulocochlear nerve = Hearing and balance Glossopharyngeal nerve = Taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a neuromuscular junction?

<p>The point of contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A preganglionic neuron has its cell body in the ganglion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is released at the preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

<p>acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Norepinephrine is released at the postganglionic ______ division.

<p>sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Preganglionic neuron = Cell body in brain or spinal cord (CNS) Postganglionic neuron = Runs from ganglion to the effector Sympathetic division = Release of norepinephrine Parasympathetic division = Release of acetylcholine at preganglionic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does diabetes have on the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Leads to numbness and pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beta blockers are used to increase blood pressure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the thoracolumbar part of the ANS?

<p>sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for special sense vision?

<p>Optic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vestibulocochlear nerve is associated with hearing and balance.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the membranes that cover the special senses?

<p>To detect sounds, lights, taste, and scents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lacrimal glands produce tears, which flow across the eye and drain through the __________ duct.

<p>nasolacrimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the main structures involved in the hearing process?

<p>Semicircular canals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the sensory organs to their corresponding functions:

<p>Cochlea = Sound transmission and signal conversion Retinal epithelium = Vision Vestibular system = Balance maintenance Taste buds = Taste perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five basic taste sensations?

<p>Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aging has no effect on taste bud sensitivity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cholinergic receptors

Receptors that bind with acetylcholine.

Adrenergic receptors

Receptors that bind with norepinephrine.

Autonomic nervous system neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine

Sympathetic nervous system's effect

Prepares the body for "fight or flight" activities.

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Parasympathetic nervous system's function

Promotes rest and digest activities.

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Hypothalamus's role

Regulates the endocrine system.

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Motor cortex function

Regulates the muscular system.

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Vagus nerves innervate

The heart, lungs, and digestive tract.

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Neuromuscular Junction

The point where a motor neuron connects to a muscle fiber, enabling nerve control of muscle contraction.

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Preganglionic Neuron

A neuron in the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord) that connects to a ganglion.

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Postganglionic Neuron

A neuron that carries nerve signals from a ganglion to an effector organ (e.g., muscle or gland).

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Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine

A chemical released at preganglionic neurons in both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

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Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine

A chemical released at postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

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Diabetes Nerve Damage

Diabetes can cause peripheral nerve damage, leading to numbness and pain in the extremities.

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Thoracolumbar Division of ANS

The part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the sympathetic nervous system.

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ANS Reflex Arc Sequence

A sequence involving sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effectors.

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Sensory Neuron Function

Sensory neurons transmit sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system.

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Sensory Information Pathway

Sensory information travels via ascending pathways, while motor responses travel via descending pathways.

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Interoceptors

Internal receptors that detect internal stimuli like pain, temperature, and pressure.

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Thermoreceptors

Internal receptors specifically for detecting changes in body temperature.

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Nociceptors

Internal receptors that detect pain from internal organs.

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Baroreceptors

Internal receptors that monitor blood pressure changes.

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Proprioception

The sense of body position and movement, located in muscles and tendons.

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Somatic Information

Voluntary sensory information from the body, including touch and pain.

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Ascending pathways

Carry sensory information to the brain.

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Descending pathways

Carry motor commands from the brain to the body.

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Referred pain

Pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus.

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Sensory homunculus

Representation of body parts and their sensory functions.

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Motor homunculus

Representation of body parts and their motor functions.

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Sensory cortex damage

Loss of sensation and sensory inability.

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Motor cortex damage

Weakness, paralysis, and motor impairments.

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Olfactory nerve

Cranial nerve associated with smell (olfaction).

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Optic Nerve

The cranial nerve responsible for vision, transmitting signals from the retina to the brain.

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Retinal Epithelium

The layer of cells lining the back of the eye, vital for capturing light and converting it into electrical signals.

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Vestibulocochlear Nerve

The cranial nerve involved in both hearing and balance, receiving input from the inner ear.

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Sensory Organ Membranes

Protective membranes that enclose the receptors responsible for detecting senses like sound, light, taste, and smell.

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Lacrimal Production Pathway

The process of tear production from the lacrimal glands, distribution across the eye, and drainage through the nasolacrimal duct.

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Eye Layer Structure & Function

The eye comprises three layers: sclera (protection), choroid (nourishment), and retina (light detection), each playing a distinct role in vision.

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Hearing Structures & Function

Components like the cochlea and auditory ossicles are crucial for sound transmission and converting sound waves into neural signals for the brain to interpret.

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Balance System Structures & Function

The vestibular system, including the semicircular canals, plays a key role in maintaining balance and spatial orientation.

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Study Notes

Chapter 15, 16, 17 Test - Study Notes

  • Autonomic Nervous System Receptors:
    • Cholinergic receptors (bind ACh): nicotinic and muscarinic
    • Adrenergic receptors: a1, a2, b1, b2, b3
  • Neurotransmitters:
    • Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine.
    • Adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine.
    • Acetylcholine is released faster than norepinephrine.
    • Norepinephrine is more widespread.
  • Brain Regions and Functions:
    • Hypothalamus: regulates endocrine system
    • Motor Cortex: regulates muscular system
    • Medulla: regulates cardiac system
    • Brainstem: regulates respiratory system
    • Parasympathetic system: regulates digestive system
    • Spinal Cord: part of the central nervous system
  • Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Systems:
    • Sympathetic system: prepares the body for "fight or flight"
    • Parasympathetic system: promotes "rest and digest" activities
  • Cranial Nerves:
    • Glossopharyngeal nerve: innervates tongue and pharynx
    • Oculomotor nerve: innervates the eye
    • Vestibulocochlear nerve: innervates the inner ear (hearing and balance)
  • Neurotransmitters in Autonomic Nervous System:
    • Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are released by autonomic nerves.
  • Neuromuscular Junction:
    • Point of contact between motor neuron and muscle fiber
    • Allows nervous system to control muscle contraction.
  • Neurons:
    • Preganglionic neuron: cell body in the brain or spinal cord
    • Postganglionic neuron: runs from ganglion to the effector
  • Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine:
    • Released at preganglionic neurons in the autonomic system.
  • Sensory Receptors:
    • Transmit sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system.
  • Sensory Pathway:
    • Sensory information travels via ascending pathways.
    • Motor responses travel via descending pathways.
  • Internal Receptors:
    • Interoreceptors: detect internal stimuli (e.g., changes in body temp).
    • Chemoreceptors: detect chemical concentration changes.
    • Osmoreceptors: detect osmotic pressure of fluids.
    • Baroceptors: detect blood pressure changes.
    • Proprioceptors: detect body position and movement.
  • External Receptors:
    • Photoreceptors: detect light.
    • Mechanoreceptors: detect touch, pressure, and vibration.
    • Nociceptors: detect pain.
    • Thermoreceptors: detect temperature changes.
  • Brain Areas and Functions:
    • Precentral gyrus: Receives and processes motor information.
    • Postcentral gyrus: Receives and processes somatosensory information.
    • Sensory Cortex: Processes sensory stimuli.
    • Motor Cortex: Plans and executes voluntary movements.
  • Pain Perception:
    • Referred pain: Pain perceived in a location other than the source of the stimulus.
    • Visceral pain: Pain originating from internal organs which is misinterpreted by the brain.
  • Cranial Nerves and Special Senses:
    • Olfactory nerve: special sense of smell; epithelium found on the inferior surface of the cribriform plate.
    • Optic nerve: special sense of vision; retinal epithelium located within the eye
    • Vestibulocochlear nerve: special sense of hearing; epithelium within the inner ear.
    • Glossopharyngeal nerve: special sense of taste; epithelium on the tongue.
  • Special Sense Membranes & Functions:
    • Membranes covering special senses in the body, and functions in detecting different stimuli.
  • Lacrimal Production Pathway:
    • Lacrimal glands produce tears; flow through the eye and drain to the nasolacrimal duct.
  • Eye Structure:
    • Describes the layers and structures of the eye.
  • Hearing Structures:
    • Descriptions of auditory structures and their functions.
  • Balance System Structures:
    • Structures in the balance system and their functions.
  • Taste Perception Changes with Age:
    • Age-related decline in taste perception due to changes in taste buds and their sensitivity.

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Chapter 15, 16, 17 Test PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential concepts found in Chapters 15, 16, and 17 related to the Autonomic Nervous System. Key topics include receptors, neurotransmitters, brain functions, and the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Test your knowledge on how these systems interact and support bodily functions.

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