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Questions and Answers
What type of diagram is primarily used to describe interactions between actors and a use case?
What type of diagram is primarily used to describe interactions between actors and a use case?
Which of the following is NOT a structural relationship in UML?
Which of the following is NOT a structural relationship in UML?
Which of these diagrams would you use to represent the structure of a system's classes?
Which of these diagrams would you use to represent the structure of a system's classes?
What type of UML element is a package categorized under?
What type of UML element is a package categorized under?
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Which diagram type is used to represent the different states that an object can be in?
Which diagram type is used to represent the different states that an object can be in?
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Which of the following represents a behavioral relationship in UML?
Which of the following represents a behavioral relationship in UML?
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In UML, what do we call diagrams that are used to describe how actors interact with the system?
In UML, what do we call diagrams that are used to describe how actors interact with the system?
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Which of these is a type of structural diagram?
Which of these is a type of structural diagram?
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What advantage does object-oriented analysis and design offer during system maintenance?
What advantage does object-oriented analysis and design offer during system maintenance?
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What is a primary purpose of the Unified Modeling Language (UML)?
What is a primary purpose of the Unified Modeling Language (UML)?
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Which of the following best describes a class in object-oriented systems?
Which of the following best describes a class in object-oriented systems?
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What role do CRC cards play in object-oriented analysis?
What role do CRC cards play in object-oriented analysis?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of object-oriented systems analysis and design?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of object-oriented systems analysis and design?
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In the context of UML, what is a use case model primarily used for?
In the context of UML, what is a use case model primarily used for?
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Which object-oriented concept allows one class to inherit properties from another?
Which object-oriented concept allows one class to inherit properties from another?
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What is the primary focus of object-oriented design regarding objects?
What is the primary focus of object-oriented design regarding objects?
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What is the purpose of a method within a class?
What is the purpose of a method within a class?
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What does it mean to instantiate a class?
What does it mean to instantiate a class?
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Which of the following is NOT a structural thing in UML?
Which of the following is NOT a structural thing in UML?
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How does inheritance benefit object-oriented programming?
How does inheritance benefit object-oriented programming?
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What are CRC cards primarily used for?
What are CRC cards primarily used for?
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Which type of relationship describes how things are connected in structural diagrams?
Which type of relationship describes how things are connected in structural diagrams?
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What aspect of UML does 'behavioral things' focus on?
What aspect of UML does 'behavioral things' focus on?
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Which of the following best describes a class in object-oriented programming?
Which of the following best describes a class in object-oriented programming?
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What do communication diagrams primarily emphasize compared to sequence diagrams?
What do communication diagrams primarily emphasize compared to sequence diagrams?
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What type of relationship does aggregation represent between classes?
What type of relationship does aggregation represent between classes?
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Which of the following best describes class diagrams?
Which of the following best describes class diagrams?
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What type of class represents real-world items in a system?
What type of class represents real-world items in a system?
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What is the purpose of an association class?
What is the purpose of an association class?
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In method overloading, what condition must be met for multiple methods to exist in a class?
In method overloading, what condition must be met for multiple methods to exist in a class?
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Which relationship type retains the identity of the whole even if its members change?
Which relationship type retains the identity of the whole even if its members change?
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What do class diagrams NOT represent?
What do class diagrams NOT represent?
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What is a characteristic of composition in class relationships?
What is a characteristic of composition in class relationships?
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In generalization/specialization, what is a key concept that facilitates object-oriented programming?
In generalization/specialization, what is a key concept that facilitates object-oriented programming?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of class in UML?
Which of the following is NOT a type of class in UML?
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According to UML, what feature of class diagrams relates to the visibility of attributes?
According to UML, what feature of class diagrams relates to the visibility of attributes?
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What is the focus of asking 'What may fail?' during verification of classes?
What is the focus of asking 'What may fail?' during verification of classes?
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Which symbol indicates aggregation in a class diagram?
Which symbol indicates aggregation in a class diagram?
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Which association type allows an object to have a relationship to other objects of the same class?
Which association type allows an object to have a relationship to other objects of the same class?
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What does the server control class primarily ensure?
What does the server control class primarily ensure?
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What does a use case diagram primarily describe?
What does a use case diagram primarily describe?
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Which type of UML diagram shows the state transitions of an object?
Which type of UML diagram shows the state transitions of an object?
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What is the purpose of an activity diagram in UML?
What is the purpose of an activity diagram in UML?
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What three elements are described by a use case?
What three elements are described by a use case?
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Which of the following UML diagrams is not categorized as a behavioral diagram?
Which of the following UML diagrams is not categorized as a behavioral diagram?
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A sequence diagram is primarily used to show what?
A sequence diagram is primarily used to show what?
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What is a key feature of a use case scenario?
What is a key feature of a use case scenario?
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Which diagram is used to show classes and their relationships in UML?
Which diagram is used to show classes and their relationships in UML?
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Study Notes
Chapter 10: Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design Using UML
- Object-oriented systems analysis and design is useful for complex systems needing continuous maintenance and adaptation.
- Objects and classes are reusable, reducing development costs.
- Unified Modeling Language (UML) is an industry standard for modeling object-oriented systems.
- UML steps are used to break down systems into use case models and class models.
- UML diagrams are created for describing and designing systems, allowing for communication.
Learning Objectives
- 10.1: Understand object-oriented systems analysis and design and its usefulness.
- 10.2: Understand Unified Modeling Language (UML) concepts.
- 10.3: Apply UML steps to create use case models and class models.
- 10.4: Diagram systems using UML tools for description and design.
- 10.5: Document and communicate the object-oriented system to users and other analysts.
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design
- Works well in situations where systems are continually maintained and adapted.
- Objects and classes are reusable, making development and maintenance easier.
- UML is an industry standard toolset for modeling object-oriented systems.
Reusability and Maintaining Systems
- Recycling program parts reduces development costs.
- System enhancements are simplified, affecting only the modified objects.
Major Topics
- Object-oriented concepts
- CRC cards and object thinking
- Class
- Responsibilities
- Collaborators
- Unified Modeling Language (UML)
- Use case and other UML diagrams
- Packages
- Using UML
Object-Oriented Concepts
- Objects: Persons, places, or things relevant to the system. Examples include customers, items, orders, or GUI displays.
- Classes: Sets shared attributes and behaviors of each object.
- Inheritance: One class inherits characteristics from another. Car and truck are specific vehicles inheriting from the more general class vehicle.
Classes
- Defines attributes and behaviors shared by objects in a class.
- Names distinguish from other classes.
- Instantiate: Creating, or initiating, an object from a class.
- Attribute: Property of a class describing its characteristics. Examples include size, color, and model.
- Method: Action an object can do or accomplish. Examples include rentOut(), checkin(), and service().
UML Diagrams
- Structural Diagrams: Show the relationships between classes, including class, object, component, and deployment diagrams. They focus on the structure of the program.
- Behavioral Diagrams: Illustrate interactions between people (actors) and systems via use cases. They focus on the dynamic behavior of the program.
UML Components: Things, Relationships, and Diagrams
- Things: Classes and Interfaces, use cases, are used for modeling.
- Structural Relationships: Dependencies, Aggregations, Associations, Generalizations, describing the relationships between items.
- Behavioral Relationships: Communicates, Includes, Extends, Generalizes, showing dynamic actions within the system.
- Diagrams: Use case, activity, sequence, communication, class, and statechart diagrams. Each diagram displays particular aspects, used for system development.
- Note: Different diagrams show relations between things and their behavior.
Commonly Used UML Diagrams
- Use Case Diagram: Describes how the system is used, starting point for UML.
- Use Case Scenario: Articulation of exceptions from primary use case.
- Activity Diagram: Illustrates an overall workflow/activity flow.
- Sequence Diagram: Shows a sequence of activities and relationships between classes.
- Class Diagram: Shows classes and their relationships, attributes and methods.
- Statechart Diagram: Shows how an object changes states.
Use Case Modeling
- Describes what a system does without showing how.
- Based on relationships among use cases.
- Actor: Initiator of a use case.
- Event: Stimulus or need for use case action.
- Use Case: Specific action performed within a system.
Activity Diagrams
- Show sequential and parallel activities, decisions made within a process.
- Symbols include rectangles with rounded ends (activities), arrows (transitions between activities), diamonds (decisions), long, flat rectangles (actions), filled-in circles (end), and black circles surrounded by white circles (forks/joins).
Swimlanes
- Visual tool, showing how data is passed or converted within a system.
- Assign roles or responsibilities within a system/team.
- Improving clarity and communication of system activities.
Creating Activity Diagrams
- Determine the order of activities.
- Identify sequential and parallel activities, and decisions.
- Examine data flow diagrams if they exist.
- Use cases help define activity diagrams.
Activity Diagrams and Test Plans
- Activity diagrams are used to build test plans.
- Each state and decision must be tested.
Sequence Diagrams
- Illustrate interactions between classes/objects over time.
- Show processing based on use cases.
- Sequence diagrams emphasize the time order of messages.
Communication Diagrams
- Depict interactions between objects, emphasizing organization rather than order.
Class Diagrams
- Illustrate static components of a system, not specific processes.
- Show object relationships, and storage and processing requirements.
- Attributes (Private, Public, Protected).
- Methods (Standard, Custom).
Method Overloading
- Same method definition occurs multiple times within a class if the message parameters are different.
Types of Classes
- Entity Classes: Real world entities.
- Interface/Boundary Classes: Human and system interactions.
- Control Classes: Controls activity/business logic.
- Abstract Classes: Serve as generalizations of object type.
Relationships (Whole-Parts)
- Association: Simplest relationship (often many-to-many).
-
Whole/Part: Whole object with separate parts.
- Aggregation: "has-a" relationship, where parts can exist independently.
- Composition: Stronger "has-a" relationship where parts cannot exist without the whole.
- Collection: Specific type of aggregation, members can change but the whole remains.
Packages
- Reusable systems containers.
- Show system partitioning.
- Contain component packages or physical subsystems.
- Use folder symbols.
Putting UML to Work
- The process begins by defining use cases to model a system's behavior.
- Continue UML diagramming during the analysis phase.
- Develop class diagrams.
- Draw state diagrams from the UML diagrams.
- Refine the UML diagrams in detail to create a system design.
Statechart Diagrams
- Examine states an object might have.
- Focuses on object changes and object deletion actions.
- Objects can go through different states, change, and be deleted.
- The diagram shows the states with their transitions.
- Created when a class has a complex life cycle.
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Description
This quiz focuses on Chapter 10 of Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design using UML. Understand the importance of object-oriented design, the Unified Modeling Language (UML), and the steps involved in creating use case and class models. Test your knowledge on UML tools and their application in describing and designing complex systems.
