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Questions and Answers
¿Cómo describiría el Chaco Boreal al momento de producirse la independencia de los Estados que se constituyeron en la jurisdicción del Virreinato del Río de la Plata (1776-1814)?
¿Cuál fue el año en que el gobierno paraguayo se enteró de la pretensión boliviana al Chaco?
¿Cuál era el límite geográfico que Bolivia reclamaba en el Chaco?
¿Qué tratado motivó la protesta de Bolivia en 1852?
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¿Cuál era el fundamento de la pretensión boliviana al Chaco?
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¿Qué sucedió con el Chaco Central y Boreal después de la Guerra contra la Triple Alianza?
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¿Cuál fue el objetivo principal del gobierno boliviano al enviar a Antonio Quijarro como ministro plenipotenciario ante el gobierno del Paraguay?
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¿Qué empresa solicitó una concesión para construir caminos y el ferrocarril de Santa Cruz de la Sierra hasta el Alto Paraguay?
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¿Cuál fue la razón principal por la que Bolivia quería conectar con los puertos del Río de la Plata?
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¿Quién fue el agente diplomático boliviano que cumplió una misión en Asunción a fines de 1863 y principios de 1864?
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¿Cuándo se abrió la cuestión de límites entre Bolivia y Paraguay?
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¿Qué sucedió con las relaciones entre Bolivia y Paraguay hasta entonces?
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¿Por qué Bolivia quería conectar con el Río de la Plata?
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¿Qué guerra estaba en curso cuando Bolivia envió a Antonio Quijarro como ministro plenipotenciario?
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¿Qué país estaba involucrado en la Guerra del Pacífico?
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¿Cuál fue el año en que Quijarro presentó credenciales?
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¿Quién propuso la división del territorio disputado en dos partes de dimensiones más o menos similares?
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¿Qué río marca el límite entre la República del Paraguay y Bolivia?
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¿Qué territorio renuncia el Paraguay a favor de Bolivia?
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¿Quién fue el ministro paraguayo de Relaciones Exteriores que suscribió el tratado de límites de 1879?
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¿Cuál es el resultado de la negociación entre Quijarro y el presidente Cándido Bareiro?
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¿Cuál es la fecha en que se suscribió el tratado de límites Decoud-Quijarro?
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¿Cuál fue el principal objetivo del presidente Cándido Bareiro al ceder tierras a Bolivia?
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¿Cuál fue la principal razón por la que el representante de Bolivia estaba consciente de que había traspasado los límites de sus instrucciones?
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¿Cuál era el sentir general entre los paraguayos sobre el Chaco?
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¿Cuál era el desafío principal que enfrentaban los negociadores Bareiro y Quijarro?
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¿Cuál era el interés principal de Bolivia al negociar con Paraguay?
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¿Cuál fue el propósito principal de la misión diplomática de Eugenio Caballero en Asunción en 1882?
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¿Qué respuesta dio el canciller paraguayo José Segundo Decoud a la propuesta de Bolivia?
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¿Cuál fue el resultado de la negociación entre Eugenio Caballero y José Segundo Decoud?
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¿Qué condición había para la aprobación del tratado de 1879 por parte del órgano legislativo boliviano?
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¿Cuál fue el problema principal que enfrentó la misión diplomática de Eugenio Caballero en Asunción?
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¿Cuál fue el resultado del protocolo firmado entre Eugenio Caballero y José Segundo Decoud?
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¿Qué era lo que se pensaba que podía ser navegable sin dificultades en el sur de los bañados?
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¿Cuál fue el resultado de la segunda misión de Antonio Quijarro en el Paraguay?
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¿Quién fundó Puerto Pacheco en julio de 1885?
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¿Cuál fue el resultado del cambio de gobierno en Bolivia?
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¿Por qué se produjo un cambio en la percepción del Chaco en el Paraguay?
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¿Qué sucedió con la legación boliviana en el Paraguay?
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¿Cuál fue el resultado de la autorización del gobierno paraguayo a Miguel Suárez Arana?
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¿Cuál fue el efecto de la venta de tierras públicas en el Chaco?
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Study Notes
Bolivian Claim to the Chaco
- In 1852, Bolivia's representative in Buenos Aires protested the Derqui-Varela Treaty, a border agreement between Paraguay and Argentina, claiming that Bolivia's rights to the western bank of the Paraguay River (between 20° and 22° south latitude) had been ignored.
Paraguayan Perspective
- Until 1852, Paraguay was confident in its dominion over the Chaco region and believed that its borders with Bolivia were much farther east.
Bolivian Aspirations
- Bolivia's claims to the Chaco were based on the jurisdiction of the ancient Audiencia de Charcas and covered the entire Central and Northern Chaco, up to the confluence of the Bermejo and Paraguay Rivers.
Post-War Repartition
- After the War of the Triple Alliance, Paraguay and Argentina divided the Chaco region without considering Bolivia's claims.
Bolivia's Border Disputes
- Bolivia considered the Chaco region as a strategic area to connect with the ports of the Rio de la Plata and the Atlantic Ocean.
- In 1852, the Treaty of Derqui-Varela opened up the boundary question between Bolivia and Paraguay.
- Before losing its Pacific coastline to Chile in the War of the Pacific (1879-1883), Bolivia sought to establish communication with the Rio de la Plata ports through the Chaco region.
Diplomatic Relations
- Relations between Paraguay and Bolivia had only been formal and protocol-based until then.
- In 1863-1864, Aniceto Arce briefly visited Asunción on a diplomatic mission, but no other Bolivian diplomatic agent had visited the Paraguayan capital since then.
- Antonio Quijarro was sent as a minister plenipotentiary to the Paraguayan government in 1879 to negotiate border definitions.
Border Dispute Negotiations
- Bolivia's government decided to divide the Chaco region through a friendly transaction, without considering which country had a better claim.
- The goal was to finally establish a land connection and open new commercial opportunities for both countries.
- The Brabo company had requested a concession to build roads and a railroad from Santa Cruz de la Sierra to Alto Paraguay, which revitalized Bolivia's interest in resolving the border issue.
Negotiations and Treaty of 1879
- Negotiations between Bolivia and Paraguay developed quickly, with Quijarro presenting credentials on September 25, 1879, and the Treaty of Limits (Decoud-Quijarro) being signed on October 15, 1879.
- President Cándido Bareiro (1878-1880) proposed a peaceful division of the disputed territory into two parts of similar dimensions.
- Quijarro, who was only authorized to recognize Paraguay's assigned territory by the Laudo Hayes, accepted the proposal.
Treaty Provisions
- The treaty established a border between Bolivia and Paraguay, dividing the territory north of the Paraguay River along the parallel from the Apa River mouth to the Pilcomayo River.
- Paraguay renounced its rights to the territory between the established parallel and Bahía Negra in favor of Bolivia.
- Bolivia recognized as part of Paraguay the southern territory up to the main branch of the Pilcomayo River.
Bolivia-Paraguay Treaty
- The Bolivian negotiator had to consent to a treaty where Paraguay renounced its rights in favor of Bolivia, recognizing Bolivia's dominion.
- The treaty was formalized by Paraguayan President Cándido Bareiro (1878-1880) and Bolivian Minister Quijarro, who believed it was a convenient agreement for both countries.
- However, the Bolivian representative was aware that he had exceeded his instructions, which only authorized him to recognize Paraguay's territory as assigned by the Laudo Hayes.
Paraguayan Perspective
- Paraguayans believed that their country had dominion over the Chaco region up to Bahía Negra.
- President Cándido Bareiro's pragmatic reasons for the treaty, such as ceding desert lands to boost trade with Bolivia and prevent international conflicts, were not expected to gain enthusiastic support from all.
Treaty Consequences
- The treaty was unlikely to be easily accepted, and the Bolivian representative was unsure if his compatriots would understand the reasons behind the agreement.
Bolivian-Paraguayan Border Dispute
- The Bolivian legislature approved the 1879 treaty in August 1881, but with the condition that one or more ports be negotiated on the eastern bank of the Pilcomayo River, south of the bañados, where the river was thought to be navigable without difficulties.
Diplomatic Mission
- A new diplomatic mission was sent, led by Eugenio Caballero, who was in Asunción from July 1882 to January 1883, to reformulate the 1879 treaty.
- However, Caballero faced strong resistance from the Paraguayan government, particularly from Chancellor José Segundo Decoud.
Paraguayan Stance
- Decoud declared that it was "sumamente difícil, o dígase imposible" (very difficult, or rather impossible) to modify the 1879 treaty, as the Paraguayan government believed they had made liberal territorial concessions to Bolivia.
- The Paraguayan government was convinced that they had full rights to the entire northern Chaco region up to Bahía Negra.
Protocol Agreement
- In January 1883, Caballero managed to sign a protocol with Decoud, stating that the modification of the border treaty would be postponed for a better opportunity, leaving the presented proposals pending.
Diplomatic Efforts between Bolivia and Paraguay
- Diplomatic relations between Bolivia and Paraguay stalled for several months due to the change in government in Bolivia.
- Antonio Quijarro was re-accredited as Bolivia's agent to the Paraguayan government in mid-1884 and served until early 1885.
- Quijarro's second mission to Paraguay yielded no concrete results, and he was recalled due to the change in government in Bolivia.
Events that Changed Bilateral Relations
- In July 1885, Bolivian entrepreneur Miguel Suárez Arana founded Puerto Pacheco, south of Bahía Negra, with authorization from the Paraguayan government to build roads connecting Bolivia to Paraguay.
- The Paraguayan Congress authorized the sale of public lands, including those in the disputed Chaco region, for financial reasons, leading to the gradual occupation of the eastern part of the disputed territory.
- The Chaco region, once considered a non-productive area by Paraguay, began to attract increasing private interests and became a productive area.
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Description
La cuestión de límites con Bolivia
