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• These are study notes for a final exam review sheet

Out of Africa Theory

• Homo sapiens first developed in Africa.
• They then spread around the world between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago.
• Homo sapiens superseded all other hominid species.
• All modern people are ultimately of African descent.

Migration

• Human migration involves the movement of people from one place to another.
• Movement involves intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new geographic location.
• Major forms of migration include: invasion, conquest, colonization, and emigration/immigration.

Time

• B.C.E. means Before Common Era
• C.E. means Common Era
• Interval refers to the amount of time between two given points in time.

Hunter-Gatherers

• Hunter-gatherers hunt/fish for food.
• They also pick fruits and vegetables that grew in the wild.

Neolithic Revolution

• The Neolithic Revolution occurred about 10,000 years ago.
• It marks a change from hunters and gatherers to producers of food.

Agriculture

• Agriculture involves planting, growing, and harvesting crops, also known as farming.

Domestication

• Domestication involves adapting wild animals for human use.
• Domestic species are raised for food, work, clothing, medicine, and many other uses.

Irrigation

• Irrigation involves watering crops by bringing in water from pipes, canals, sprinklers, or other man-made means.
• Irrigation is used rather than relying on rainfall.

Civilization

• Civilization represents a complex human society with certain characteristics of cultural and technological development.

Polytheistic

• Polytheistic refers to a belief in more than one God.

Surplus

• Surplus means having more than what is needed.

Mesopotamia

• The two rivers of Mesopotamia are the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
• Ancient Mesopotamia is located in modern-day Syria and northern Iraq.
• City-states were independent and had their own government, and were not part of any larger unit.
• Hammurabi was the sixth king of the Amorite Dynasty of Old Babylon.
• He created/implemented a strict code of laws in society.
• These laws included rules and consequences that addressed daily life.
• The writing of the Sumerians was called Cuneiform, which is "Wedge-Shaped" Writing.
• A Ziggurat is a large temple dedicated to the god of the city.
• Religion in Mesopotamia was polytheistic.
• The Sumerians had over 3,000 gods.
• Inventions from ancient Mesopotamia include the wagon wheel, plow, sailboat, and geometry.
• Other inventions include a 12-month calendar, writing, and the use of bronze.
• Additional Mesopotamian inventions: a number system based on 60, advanced mathematics, a 60-second minute, a 60-minute hour, a 7-day week.

Ancient Egypt

• The Nile is the world's longest river.
• The Nile flows from south to north.
• By 4000 BCE, Egypt had 2 large kingdoms: Lower Egypt in the north and Upper Egypt in the south.
• The social classes consisted of the Pharaoh at the top, followed by nobles and priests in the upper class.
• The middle class consisted of artisans, scribes, and merchants.
• The lower class, which was the majority of Egyptians, was made up of farmers and the poor, with slaves at the lowest level.
• The Rosetta Stone contains the same story in 3 languages.
• It was used to back-translate and decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs.
• The languages inscribed on the Rosetta Stone are Demotic, hieroglyphic, and Greek.
• King Tutankhamen was the Pharaoh of Egypt, named the Boy King because he began his reign when he was only nine years old.
• Howard Carter was the archaeologist who discovered King Tut's tomb.
• Hieroglyphics are ancient Egyptian picture writing.
• Mummification is the process of preserving the body for the afterlife.

Indus River Valley (IRV)

• The main rivers of the IRV are the Ganges River and the Indus River.
• We do not know a lot of the history of the IRV because we cannot understand their written language.
• 1000 cities were built in the IRV with populations between 30,000 and 40,000.
• Achievements of the IRV include urban planners.
• Other achievements include the use of a standard-size brick and waste/water removal through sewers.
• A clay seal with depictions of gods and animals was used for bartering in the IRV.