Cerebral Vascular Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of treatment following a stroke?

  • To remove the clot causing the stroke
  • To stimulate blood flow to the infarct
  • To permanently occlude the affected blood vessels
  • To restore functioning in the surrounding penumbra (correct)

    • How does the atrophy in early-onset patients compare to late-onset patients regarding the cerebral hemispheres and hippocampus?

  • Late-onset patients experience more diffuse atrophy across the cerebral hemispheres but less in the hippocampus.
  • Early-onset patients have less diffuse atrophy across the cerebral hemispheres and more in the hippocampus.
  • Atrophy levels in cerebral hemispheres and hippocampus are similar between early-onset and late-onset patients.
  • Early-onset patients have more diffuse atrophy across the cerebral hemispheres but less in the hippocampus. (correct)

    • What is a common behavioral symptom associated with Huntington's disease?

  • Increase in physical strength and endurance.
  • Impairment of recent memory. (correct)
  • Rapid loss of verbal communication.
  • Severe motor coordination improvement.

    • Which type of vascular disorder is characterized by a blockage caused by a clot that has traveled from a larger vessel?

    <p>Embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the genetic transmission of Huntington's disease?

    <p>It is transmitted genetically by a single mutated dominant gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to brain cells in a region affected by cerebral vascular disorder within 10 minutes of interrupted blood flow?

    <p>They die due to lack of oxygen and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the area of dead or dying tissue resulting from interrupted blood flow due to a stroke known as?

    <p>Infarct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the initial symptoms of Tourette's syndrome?

    <p>Involuntary movement or vocalizations known as tics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cerebral ischemia can be characterized as which of the following?

    <p>A group of disorders caused by disrupted blood flow to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Huntington's disease affect the basal ganglia, according to the information provided?

    <p>It causes atrophy and significant neuronal loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is identified as a temporary disruption of blood flow that causes similar symptoms to a stroke?

    <p>Transient ischemic attack (TIA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence of cumulative new lesions in the brain if preexisting lesions are present?

    <p>Serious deficits in brain function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common consequences of a stroke?

    <p>Amnesia and psychiatric disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about cerebral angiommas?

    <p>They are weak and may lead to strokes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is used to dissolve clots during ischemic episodes?

    <p>Anticoagulant therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant cause of intracerebral hemorrhage?

    <p>Bursting aneurisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can contribute to poststroke depression?

    <p>Social isolation and lack of rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do traumatic brain injuries (TBI) affect brain function?

    <p>By inducing bleeding and increasing intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preventive measure is most effective for vascular disorders?

    <p>Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and managing blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of neuroprotectant drugs after a stroke?

    <p>Promoting tissue regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is often associated with aneurisms due to pressure on the dura mater?

    <p>Severe headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic outcome of open head injuries compared to closed head injuries?

    <p>They produce highly specific symptoms resembling surgical excision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions are notably affected by closed head injuries?

    <p>Frontal lobe and temporal lobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a long-term reduction in brain activity following traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

    <p>Long-term reduction in glucose metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury is characterized by twisting or cutting of nerve fibers?

    <p>Microscopic lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of prolonged coma following closed head injuries?

    <p>Increased risk of severe impairment and death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these terms describes the initial bruise at the site of impact in a head injury?

    <p>Coup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a cumulative effect of even mild head injuries?

    <p>Significant long-term brain injury over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with repeated concussions in boxers?

    <p>Chronic traumatic encephalopathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT typically a result of closed head injuries?

    <p>Open wounds in the skull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pressure can contrecoup injuries exert on the brain?

    <p>Opposing pressure from the blow's initial impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily accumulates in the cerebral cortex leading to neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Beta-amyloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is most severely affected first in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Entorhinal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter reduction seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease compared to age-matched controls?

    <p>Multiple neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of neurons is largely responsible for cortical atrophy in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Loss of dendritic arborization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms typically occurs last in the progression of dementia associated with Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Difficulty in swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of neuritic plaques in the cortex is correlated with which of the following?

    <p>Magnitude of cognitive deterioration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of neurofibrillary tangles found in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Presence of tau protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of anatomical changes in Alzheimer's disease, which brain structure is noted to lose up to 1/3 of its volume?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically associated with the cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Enhanced speech skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily reduced in Alzheimer's disease alongside noradrenaline and serotonin?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cerebral Vascular Disorders

    • Cerebral vascular disorders cause disease or damage to blood vessels, reducing or stopping oxygen and glucose flow to brain regions. Cell death occurs within 10 minutes of the interruption.
    • Stroke (CVA): A sudden neurological event due to interrupted blood flow resulting in an infarct (dead/dying tissue) and penumbra (dysfunctional tissue surrounding the infarct). Treatment aims to save the penumbra.
    • Cerebral ischemia: Disruptions to blood supply, including thrombosis (blood clot formation) and embolism (a clot traveling to a smaller vessel). Cerebral arteriosclerosis (thickening/hardening of arteries) can also contribute to ischemia. Transient ischemia, called cerebral vascular insufficiency, is temporary. Stroke is not a necessary consequence of vascular disorders. Small lesions often have good prognoses.
    • Cerebral hemorrhage: Bleeding in the brain due to a ruptured blood vessel causing surrounding tissue damage. Prognosis is poor if the patient is unconscious for more than 48 hours.
    • Angiomas: Congenital abnormally enlarged blood vessels, often affecting the middle cerebral artery's field. They can lead to stroke or inadequate blood flow distribution.
    • Aneurisms: Weakness in a blood vessel wall, creating a localized bulge prone to bursting, causing intracerebral hemorrhage. Often cause headaches due to pressure on the dura mater.

    Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI)

    • TBI: Commonly from accidents, sports or war. Damages brain function directly by disrupting blood supply, inducing bleeding, increased pressure and swelling, causing infection, or scarring.
    • Open head injuries: Penetrating skull injury, often causes symptoms resembling surgical excision of a cortex area, but symptoms can spontaneously recover.
    • Closed head injuries: A blow to the head resulting in variable impacts and tissue damage.
      • Coup: Bruise at the impact location due to the skull pushing inward.
      • Contrecoup: Bruise on the opposite side of the skull from impact's pressure.
      • Microscopic lesions: Nerve fiber twisting/cutting
      • Hematoma: Blood accumulation.
      • Edema: Brain swelling.

    Recovery and Assessment

    • Recovery varies, with the majority of cognitive recovery occurring in the first 6-9 months, even taking years. Poor cognitive outcomes are sometimes linked to brain stem damage.
    • Behavioral assessment is crucial for measuring nervous system integrity, often using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) to gauge severity.
    • Head injuries can affect brain function cumulatively; repeated concussions can lead to conditions like dementia pugilistica (DP) or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

    Epilepsy

    • Epilepsy: A brain disorder characterized by seizures, which are spontaneous abnormal brain neuron discharges.
    • Seizures classified as focal (begin in a single region) or generalized (occur bilaterally).
      • Partial seizures: Characterized by onset in one area of the neocortex, potentially spreading. Can have subjective experiences, automatisms, or postural changes.
      • Generalized seizures: Lack of a focal onset.
        • Tonic stage: Body stiffening, respiratory arrest
        • Clonic stage: Rhythmic shaking
        • Post-seizure stage: Loss of affect and confusion.
    • Diagnosis often confirmed by EEG, though a significant portion of people with abnormal EEGs do not have epilepsy.
    • Treatment focuses on controlling seizures using anticonvulsant drugs, and surgery for focal seizure cases. Tumors may require surgical removal.

    Psychiatric Disorders

    • Schizophrenia: A severe disorder with symptoms lasting at least 6 months including delusions(beliefs), hallucinations(altered perceptions), disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior.

    Mood Disorders

    • Major Depression: a disorder characterized by worthlessness, guilt, disrupted eating and sleep patterns, slowed behavior, and thoughts of suicide.
    • Reactive/Endogenous Depression: Depression with a discernible cause (Reactive) or without a known cause (Endogenous).
    • Bipolar Disorder: Alternating episodes of mania/hypomania (excessive euphoria) and depression.. Includes type 1 (also characterized by mania) and type 2 (characterized by hypomania).

    Infections

    • Infections: Invasion of the body by microorganisms leading to symptoms like encephalitis and abscess.
    • Bacteria (e.g., meningitis) can lead to abscesses and are often treated with antibiotics.

    Headaches

    • Headaches: Pain localized within the skull, resulting from processes such as pressure, inflammation, displacement, or tension in various intracranial structures (e.g., dura mater, arteries).
      • Migraines: Recurrent headache attacks often with an aura (sensory disturbance like those experienced before the onset of a seizure)
      • Tension headaches: Contractions in head and neck muscles, a common type of headache, and often responsive to stress management.

    Multiple Sclerosis

    • Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Progressive disease damaging myelin causing nerve dysfunction and degeneration.
    • Characterized by vision, muscular weakness, numbness, tremor, ataxia.
    • Immune-system reactivity and neural degeneration is thought to be a driver.

    Dementias

    • Dementia: Acquired and persistent intellectual impairment marked by cognitive decline and impacting daily independence.
    • Alzheimer's Disease: Most common form of dementia, characterized by progressive memory loss, including recent and long-term memories.
    • Parkinson's Disease: This disease is characterized by both motor and cognitive deficits. Early symptoms include tremors, muscular rigidity, and involuntary movements, and later symptoms include postural issues, difficulty communicating, and slowed thinking. Dementia is also a potential feature.

    Additional (Neurological) Disorders

    • Neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein) are pathological features of Alzheimer's disease.

    • Huntington's disease: A genetic disorder affecting parts of the brain, specifically the basal ganglia, leading to motor impairments (chorea), cognitive decline, and psychological changes.

    • Tourette syndrome: Characterized by motor and vocal tics (repetitive movements and sounds).

    • Idiopathic Parkinson's: A degenerative disorder beginning after the age of 50, caused by diminished dopamine production, resulting in slow movement, rigidity, tremors, and related symptoms.

    • Parkinson's induced by medications (e.g., antipsychotics) and/or related to other conditions can affect the brain and nervous systems and cause related symptoms.

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    Description

    Explore the critical aspects of cerebral vascular disorders including strokes, cerebral ischemia, and hemorrhages. This quiz covers the mechanisms, effects, and treatment strategies associated with these conditions. Gain a deeper understanding of how blood flow disruptions affect brain health.

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