Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one of the most common infectious causes of cerebral palsy?
What is one of the most common infectious causes of cerebral palsy?
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- Meningitis (correct)
- Viral encephalitis
Which syndrome is NOT mentioned as a genetic disorder associated with cerebral palsy?
Which syndrome is NOT mentioned as a genetic disorder associated with cerebral palsy?
- Gillespie syndrome
- Down syndrome (correct)
- Joubert syndrome
- Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome
What percentage of cerebral palsy cases are accounted for by genetic causes?
What percentage of cerebral palsy cases are accounted for by genetic causes?
- 10%
- 15%
- 5%
- 2% (correct)
Which type of cerebral palsy is characterized by muscle stiffness and tension?
Which type of cerebral palsy is characterized by muscle stiffness and tension?
What is a complication that can arise from maternal disorders during pregnancy contributing to cerebral palsy?
What is a complication that can arise from maternal disorders during pregnancy contributing to cerebral palsy?
What differentiates congenital cerebral palsy from acquired cerebral palsy?
What differentiates congenital cerebral palsy from acquired cerebral palsy?
Which statement best describes the classification of motor impairments in cerebral palsy?
Which statement best describes the classification of motor impairments in cerebral palsy?
Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of cerebral palsy?
Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of cerebral palsy?
What aspect of cerebral palsy’s incidence is highlighted concerning its prevalence in developed countries?
What aspect of cerebral palsy’s incidence is highlighted concerning its prevalence in developed countries?
What are the factors explicitly excluded from the classification of cerebral palsy?
What are the factors explicitly excluded from the classification of cerebral palsy?
What is a key characteristic of individuals with spastic cerebral palsy?
What is a key characteristic of individuals with spastic cerebral palsy?
How does the movement speed of individuals with spastic cerebral palsy change with increased effort?
How does the movement speed of individuals with spastic cerebral palsy change with increased effort?
Which of the following terms is often used to describe individuals with acquired cerebral palsy?
Which of the following terms is often used to describe individuals with acquired cerebral palsy?
What is a common sequelae observed in children who have sustained brain damage before two years of age?
What is a common sequelae observed in children who have sustained brain damage before two years of age?
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of individuals with spasticity in cerebral palsy?
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of individuals with spasticity in cerebral palsy?
What might individuals with spastic cerebral palsy develop over time as a result of their condition?
What might individuals with spastic cerebral palsy develop over time as a result of their condition?
What differentiates acquired cerebral palsy from congenital cerebral palsy?
What differentiates acquired cerebral palsy from congenital cerebral palsy?
In the context of cerebral palsy, what does the term 'topographical distribution of the neuromotor dysfunction' refer to?
In the context of cerebral palsy, what does the term 'topographical distribution of the neuromotor dysfunction' refer to?
Which characteristic is true regarding the accuracy of movement in individuals with spastic cerebral palsy?
Which characteristic is true regarding the accuracy of movement in individuals with spastic cerebral palsy?
Flashcards
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
A disorder that affects movement and coordination due to damage to the brain before or during birth.
Fetal Deprivation of Supply
Fetal Deprivation of Supply
Reduced oxygen supply to the fetus during pregnancy, leading to brain damage.
Meningitis
Meningitis
Inflammation of the brain, often caused by bacterial or viral infections.
Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Spastic Cerebral Palsy
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Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy
Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy
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What is Cerebral Palsy (CP)?
What is Cerebral Palsy (CP)?
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Is Cerebral Palsy progressive?
Is Cerebral Palsy progressive?
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What causes CP?
What causes CP?
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What are some common risk factors for CP?
What are some common risk factors for CP?
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Who is more likely to have CP?
Who is more likely to have CP?
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Acquired Cerebral Palsy
Acquired Cerebral Palsy
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Cerebral Palsy (Not used for acquired cases)
Cerebral Palsy (Not used for acquired cases)
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Heterogeneity in Acquired Cerebral Palsy
Heterogeneity in Acquired Cerebral Palsy
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Stiffness in Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Stiffness in Spastic Cerebral Palsy
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Slow Movements in Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Slow Movements in Spastic Cerebral Palsy
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Accurate but Slow Movement in Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Accurate but Slow Movement in Spastic Cerebral Palsy
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Reduced Range of Motion in Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Reduced Range of Motion in Spastic Cerebral Palsy
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Contractures and Deformities in Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Contractures and Deformities in Spastic Cerebral Palsy
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Diffuse Hypotonia
Diffuse Hypotonia
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Study Notes
Cerebral Palsy
- Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder beginning in early childhood and lasting throughout life.
- It is a non-progressive central nervous system (CNS) deficit.
- The condition may involve one or several brain areas.
- It results in definite motor and potential sensory abnormalities.
- CP results from in-utero factors, events during labor and delivery, or a range of factors in early childhood development. This includes congenital CP (factors affecting the fetus during womb development) and acquired CP (factors affecting the fetus in earlier childhood development).
- 70-80% of CP cases are attributed to antenatal causes.
Definition
- Cerebral paresis was an original description from Little in 1861.
- Bax (1964) defined CP as a movement and posture disorder resulting from a lesion of the immature brain.
- Mutch and colleagues (1992) introduced a more comprehensive definition of CP. They described it as a group of motor impairment syndromes resulting from brain lesions or anomalies, largely present during the initial stages of development.
- CP describes a group of permanent disorders of movement and posture.
- Activity limitation frequently accompanies CP and are attributed to non-progressive disturbances occurring in the developing fetal or infant brain.
- Sensory, perception, cognition, communication, and behavior disturbances often accompany the motor problems.
- Epilepsy and musculoskeletal issues are secondary complications frequently associated with CP.
Exclusion
- Conditions excluded from the diagnosis of CP are:
- Disorders of movement/posture with short duration.
- Disorders of movement/posture due to progressive diseases.
- Disorders of movement/posture solely due to mental deficiency.
Incidence and Prevalence
- 550,000- 764,000 Americans have a diagnosis of CP.
- 9,750 new cases are reported annually (UCP, 2003).
- The incidence of CP in developed countries is estimated at 2 to 2.5 cases per 1,000 live births.
- Prevalence of CP has increased in industrialized regions.
- Spastic diplegia is more prevalent than other types.
- The incidence is slightly higher in premature infants and those who are underweight for their gestational age.
- CP is slightly more common in males compared to females.
Risk Factors
- Antenatal risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, intrauterine infections, multiple gestations, and pregnancy complications.
- Perinatal risk factors include birth asphyxia and complicated labor and delivery (approximately 10% of CP cases).
- Postnatal risk factors include accidental harm/injury, head trauma, meningitis/encephalitis, and cardio-pulmonary arrest.
- Obstetrical care, such as magnesium sulfate, antibiotics, and corticosteroids, can reduce CP risk.
Genetic Causes
- Genetics account for approximately 2% of CP cases.
- Examples of genetic conditions linked to CP include familial spastic paraplegia, generalized athetosis, ataxia, Joubert syndrome, Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome, Gillespie syndrome, and Behr syndrome.
Maternal Disorders
- Maternal disorders affecting fetal supply can lead to CP, including bleeding during pregnancy, placental infarction, pre-eclampsia/toxemia, pre-eclampsia, small size for gestational age, diabetes in the mother, and multiple pregnancies.
Infectious Causes
- Meningitis and encephalitis are common infectious causes of CP.
- Other medical conditions include late-onset hydrocephalus and neoplastic intracranial lesions (tumors).
Types of Cerebral Palsy
- CP is categorized into five types: spastic, dyskinetic (athetoid), ataxic, hypotonic, and mixed.
- These classifications relate to the characteristics of muscle tone and movement.
- Muscle tone refers to the stiffness or tension of muscles during movement.
Spastic Cerebral Palsy
- Characterized by stiff muscles in the affected extremities and trunk.
- Movement is slow, and speed attempts result in increased stiffness, though direction tends to be accurate.
- Range of motion is reduced, with contractures and/or deformities developing over time.
Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy
- Characterized by involuntary movements and variable muscle tone.
- Movement is often described as slow and writhing.
- Reversal and imprecise directions are common.
- Resistance to movement may be seen, especially in rigidity with increased tone in agonist and antagonist muscles.
Hypotonic Cerebral Palsy
- Characterized by decreased resting muscle tension.
- Individuals with hypotonia have decreased ability to generate muscular force.
- Excessively flexible joints.
- Often a transitional stage that can eventually progress to spasticity or athetosis.
Ataxic Cerebral Palsy
- Characterized by poor balance, coordination, and difficulty controlling movement timing and sequence.
- Depth perception and straight-line walking are also challenging.
Acquired Cerebral Palsy
- CP acquired later in childhood, before motor brain maturity, is due to brain damage after birth.
- Infections or head injuries within the first two years of childhood commonly result in acquired CP.
Classification Based on Distribution
- Classification is based on the affected body part(s).
- Terms like monoplegia, diplegia, hemiplegia, and quadriplegia denote the number of limbs involved.
Abnormal Oral Movement Patterns and Posture
- Specific oral features associated with CP include lip retraction (tight lips in a smile posture), jaw thrust/lack of jaw grading (forceful jaw extension), tonic bite (strong and sustained biting), and tongue retraction (tongue held back in mouth, limited mobility). Nasal regurgitation may also occur.
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