31 Questions
How is the initial focusing of a fluid specimen under the microscope described?
Challenging due to the presence of artifacts that may mislead examination
In reporting the microscopic examination, what method is typically used to report casts?
Average number per low-power field (lpf)
How are RBCs and WBCs typically reported in microscopic examination results?
Average number per high-power field (hpf)
What is the recommended way to avoid focusing on artifacts during microscopic examination?
Maintain a continuous movement of the sample under the microscope
How are epithelial cells, crystals, and other elements often reported in microscopic examination results?
Using terms like rare, few, moderate, and many
What is the purpose of observing blue-stained granules in renal tubular epithelial cells or free-floating in the urine sediment?
To confirm the presence of hemosiderin
Which technique combines cytocentrifugation and Papanicolaou staining for detecting and monitoring renal disease?
Cytodiagnostic urine testing
Which type of urine specimen is recommended for cytodiagnostic urine testing?
Voided first morning specimen
What information can cytodiagnostic urine testing provide, in addition to detecting malignancies of the lower urinary tract?
Renal tubular changes associated with transplant rejection, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, cellular inclusions, pathological casts, and inflammatory conditions
What should be done with specimens that have unusual cellular findings identified during cytodiagnostic urine testing?
Refer the specimen to the pathologist for further examination
What is a crucial requirement for microscopic examination of urine?
A laboratorian knowledgeable about microscope types, characteristics, and proper use
What is the primary reason for thorough mixing before decanting a urine specimen?
To ensure accurate representation of the entire sample
What is the recommended centrifugation duration and relative centrifugal force (RCF) for optimal sedimentation?
5 minutes at 400 RCF
Which factor is used to correct for differences in centrifuge head diameter when calculating the relative centrifugal force (RCF)?
Centrifuge head diameter
What is the recommended practice for slowing down the centrifuge after centrifugation?
Allow the centrifuge to gradually slow down without braking
What is the purpose of centrifuging specimens in capped tubes?
To prevent the generation of biohazardous aerosols
What is the primary purpose of performing a Gram stain on the urine sediment?
To confirm the presence of bacteria in granular casts
What is the significance of observing epithelial cell casts in the urine?
It signifies advanced tubular destruction and disruption of the tubular linings
How can one differentiate between white blood cells and epithelial cells attached to a cast?
Staining and phase microscopy can be used to enhance the nuclear detail for better identification
What is the significance of observing fatty casts in the urine?
It is associated primarily with nephrotic syndrome, but can also be seen in other disorders causing lipiduria
How can one confirm the presence of fatty casts in the urine?
By using polarized microscopy and fat stains like Sudan III or Oil Red O to demonstrate the characteristic Maltese cross formations of cholesterol
What is the significance of observing fragments of epithelial tissue attached to the cast matrix?
It signifies advanced tubular destruction and disruption of the tubular linings
Which of the following statements about Trichomonas vaginalis is correct?
It primarily causes vaginal inflammation and is often asymptomatic in males who may act as carriers.
Which of the following statements about Schistosoma haematobium ova is correct?
They appear in urine but are rare in the United States and are associated with bladder cancer in other countries.
Which of the following statements about spermatozoa in urine is correct?
They have oval, slightly tapered heads and long, flagella-like tails, and typically lack motility in urine due to its toxic nature.
Which of the following statements about mucus in urine is correct?
Mucus is a protein material produced by glands and epithelial cells of the lower genitourinary tract and renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells.
Which of the following statements about casts in urine is correct?
Casts are unique to the kidney, formed within the lumens of distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) and collecting ducts.
Which of the following statements about cast composition and formation is correct?
Protein gel formation is influenced by urine-flow stasis, acidity, sodium, calcium, and extent of glycosylation, and uromodulin protein forms a matrix in steps.
Which of the following statements about hyaline casts is correct?
Hyaline casts are colorless in appearance in unstained sediments, with a refractive index similar to urine, and are easily overlooked without subdued light.
Which of the following statements about the normal range for hyaline casts is correct?
The normal range is 0-2 hyaline casts per low-power field (lpf).
Which of the following statements about the appearance of hyaline casts is correct?
Hyaline casts have a colorless appearance in unstained sediments, with a refractive index similar to urine, and are easily overlooked without subdued light.
Learn about the importance of thorough mixing before decanting, consistent speed and duration of centrifugation, optimal sedimentation conditions, and routine calibration of equipment in laboratory centrifugation techniques.
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