Centrifugation Techniques in Laboratory Procedures

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How is the initial focusing of a fluid specimen under the microscope described?

Facilitated by a specialized tool for fluid specimens

Challenging due to the presence of artifacts that may mislead examination (correct)

Easy due to the distinct characteristics of sediment constituents

Quick and straightforward with minimal adjustments required

In reporting the microscopic examination, what method is typically used to report casts?

Using terms 1+, 2+, 3+, and 4+

Average number per high-power field (hpf)

Average number per low-power field (lpf) (correct)

Qualitative terms like rare, few, moderate, and many

How are RBCs and WBCs typically reported in microscopic examination results?

Average number per low-power field (lpf)

Average number per high-power field (hpf) (correct)

Using qualitative terms like rare, few, moderate, and many

As the total count in the entire specimen

What is the recommended way to avoid focusing on artifacts during microscopic examination?

Maintain a continuous movement of the sample under the microscope Signup and view all the answers

How are epithelial cells, crystals, and other elements often reported in microscopic examination results?

Using terms like rare, few, moderate, and many Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of observing blue-stained granules in renal tubular epithelial cells or free-floating in the urine sediment?

To confirm the presence of hemosiderin Signup and view all the answers

Which technique combines cytocentrifugation and Papanicolaou staining for detecting and monitoring renal disease?

Cytodiagnostic urine testing Signup and view all the answers

Which type of urine specimen is recommended for cytodiagnostic urine testing?

Voided first morning specimen Signup and view all the answers

What information can cytodiagnostic urine testing provide, in addition to detecting malignancies of the lower urinary tract?

Renal tubular changes associated with transplant rejection, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, cellular inclusions, pathological casts, and inflammatory conditions Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with specimens that have unusual cellular findings identified during cytodiagnostic urine testing?

Refer the specimen to the pathologist for further examination Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial requirement for microscopic examination of urine?

A laboratorian knowledgeable about microscope types, characteristics, and proper use Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for thorough mixing before decanting a urine specimen?

To ensure accurate representation of the entire sample Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended centrifugation duration and relative centrifugal force (RCF) for optimal sedimentation?

5 minutes at 400 RCF Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is used to correct for differences in centrifuge head diameter when calculating the relative centrifugal force (RCF)?

Centrifuge head diameter Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice for slowing down the centrifuge after centrifugation?

Allow the centrifuge to gradually slow down without braking Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of centrifuging specimens in capped tubes?

To prevent the generation of biohazardous aerosols Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of performing a Gram stain on the urine sediment?

To confirm the presence of bacteria in granular casts Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of observing epithelial cell casts in the urine?

It signifies advanced tubular destruction and disruption of the tubular linings Signup and view all the answers

How can one differentiate between white blood cells and epithelial cells attached to a cast?

Staining and phase microscopy can be used to enhance the nuclear detail for better identification Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of observing fatty casts in the urine?

It is associated primarily with nephrotic syndrome, but can also be seen in other disorders causing lipiduria Signup and view all the answers

How can one confirm the presence of fatty casts in the urine?

By using polarized microscopy and fat stains like Sudan III or Oil Red O to demonstrate the characteristic Maltese cross formations of cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of observing fragments of epithelial tissue attached to the cast matrix?

It signifies advanced tubular destruction and disruption of the tubular linings Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Trichomonas vaginalis is correct?

It primarily causes vaginal inflammation and is often asymptomatic in males who may act as carriers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Schistosoma haematobium ova is correct?

They appear in urine but are rare in the United States and are associated with bladder cancer in other countries. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about spermatozoa in urine is correct?

They have oval, slightly tapered heads and long, flagella-like tails, and typically lack motility in urine due to its toxic nature. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about mucus in urine is correct?

Mucus is a protein material produced by glands and epithelial cells of the lower genitourinary tract and renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about casts in urine is correct?

Casts are unique to the kidney, formed within the lumens of distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) and collecting ducts. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cast composition and formation is correct?

Protein gel formation is influenced by urine-flow stasis, acidity, sodium, calcium, and extent of glycosylation, and uromodulin protein forms a matrix in steps. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hyaline casts is correct?

Hyaline casts are colorless in appearance in unstained sediments, with a refractive index similar to urine, and are easily overlooked without subdued light. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the normal range for hyaline casts is correct?

The normal range is 0-2 hyaline casts per low-power field (lpf). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the appearance of hyaline casts is correct?

Hyaline casts have a colorless appearance in unstained sediments, with a refractive index similar to urine, and are easily overlooked without subdued light. Signup and view all the answers