Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
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Questions and Answers

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

  • The process of protein synthesis
  • The process of DNA replication
  • The process of mitosis
  • The process in which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to make a functional product protein (correct)

    • Where is DNA found in prokaryotes?

  • In the nucleoid region in the cytoplasm (correct)
  • In the mitochondria
  • In the nucleus
  • In the ribosomes

    • What is the structure of DNA proposed by Francis Crick and James Watson?

  • A triple helix structure
  • A double helix structure that twists spirally (correct)
  • A single helix structure
  • A circular structure

    • What is the composition of a nucleotide?

    <p>A phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of purines?

    <p>They have a double ringed structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaces thymine in RNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mRNA?

    <p>To transcribe the genetic code from DNA into a form that can be read and used to make proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sugar backbone of RNA composed of?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>To bring amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is rRNA primarily found in a cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the properties of proteins?

    <p>The order of the amino acids in a polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of certain RNA defects?

    <p>Human diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of codon charts?

    <p>To find the amino acid that corresponds to DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?

    <p>RNA is a copy of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells decode mRNAs?

    <p>By reading their nucleotides in groups of three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 'start' codon AUG?

    <p>To mark the beginning of a protein and encode the amino acid methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amino acids are essential for our daily diet?

    <p>Essential amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many amino acids are there?

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

    • The central dogma is the process of genetic information flowing from DNA to RNA to make a functional protein.

    Components of the Central Dogma

    • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
      • Genetic material passed from parents to offspring
      • Found in nucleoid region in prokaryotes and nucleus in eukaryotes
      • Proposed by Francis Crick and James Watson in 1953
      • Double helix structure with nucleotide building blocks
      • Nucleotide composed of phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous bases

    Nitrogenous Bases

    • Purines have a double ringed structure
    • Pyrimidines have a single ring structure
    • Complementary base pairing: each pair has one purine and one pyrimidine
    • Uracil replaces thymine in RNA

    Importance of Nitrogenous Base Pairing

    • Genetic information is stored in these base pairs
    • Biological processes depend on the sequence of nitrogenous base pairs

    Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

    • Single-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides
    • Sugar backbone is ribose
    • DNA serves as the manual, and RNA serves as its "photocopy"
    • Three types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

    Types of RNA

    • mRNA (messenger RNA)
      • Made from DNA in nucleus
      • Travels out of nucleus and finds a ribosome
      • Carries genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm
    • tRNA (transfer RNA)
      • Brings amino acids to the ribosome
      • Found in cytoplasm
    • rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
      • Part of the ribosome
      • Directs the translation of mRNA into proteins

    Importance of RNA

    • Acts as enzymes that speed up chemical reactions
    • Regulates various cell processes, including cell division, growth, and cell aging and death
    • RNA defects can result in human diseases

    Proteins

    • Composed of polymers of numerous amino acids known as polypeptides
    • 20 amino acids
    • Amino acids can be configured into unique information-carrying structures
    • Properties of proteins are determined by the order of amino acids in a polypeptide

    Amino Acids

    • Essential amino acids: cannot be produced by our bodies
    • Nonessential amino acids: can be produced by our bodies
    • Conditionally nonessential amino acids: not vital but may become urgent during health crisis or stress

    Genetic Code and Codon

    • The language of instruction in the mRNA is called genetic code
    • The 3-letter combination in the mRNA is known as a codon
    • Codon charts are used to find the amino acid that corresponds to DNA and RNA
    • Features of codons:
      • Most codons specify an amino acid
      • Three "stop" codons (UAG, UGA, UAA) mark the end of a protein
      • One "start" codon (AUG) marks the beginning of a protein and encodes the amino acid methionine

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    Description

    Test your understanding of the central dogma, a fundamental principle in genetics that explains how genetic information flows from DNA to proteins. Covers DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

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