Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
18 Questions
6 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

  • The process of protein synthesis
  • The process of DNA replication
  • The process of mitosis
  • The process in which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to make a functional product protein (correct)
  • Where is DNA found in prokaryotes?

  • In the nucleoid region in the cytoplasm (correct)
  • In the mitochondria
  • In the nucleus
  • In the ribosomes
  • What is the structure of DNA proposed by Francis Crick and James Watson?

  • A triple helix structure
  • A double helix structure that twists spirally (correct)
  • A single helix structure
  • A circular structure
  • What is the composition of a nucleotide?

    <p>A phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of purines?

    <p>They have a double ringed structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaces thymine in RNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mRNA?

    <p>To transcribe the genetic code from DNA into a form that can be read and used to make proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sugar backbone of RNA composed of?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>To bring amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is rRNA primarily found in a cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the properties of proteins?

    <p>The order of the amino acids in a polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of certain RNA defects?

    <p>Human diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of codon charts?

    <p>To find the amino acid that corresponds to DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?

    <p>RNA is a copy of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells decode mRNAs?

    <p>By reading their nucleotides in groups of three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 'start' codon AUG?

    <p>To mark the beginning of a protein and encode the amino acid methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amino acids are essential for our daily diet?

    <p>Essential amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many amino acids are there?

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

    • The central dogma is the process of genetic information flowing from DNA to RNA to make a functional protein.

    Components of the Central Dogma

    • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
      • Genetic material passed from parents to offspring
      • Found in nucleoid region in prokaryotes and nucleus in eukaryotes
      • Proposed by Francis Crick and James Watson in 1953
      • Double helix structure with nucleotide building blocks
      • Nucleotide composed of phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous bases

    Nitrogenous Bases

    • Purines have a double ringed structure
    • Pyrimidines have a single ring structure
    • Complementary base pairing: each pair has one purine and one pyrimidine
    • Uracil replaces thymine in RNA

    Importance of Nitrogenous Base Pairing

    • Genetic information is stored in these base pairs
    • Biological processes depend on the sequence of nitrogenous base pairs

    Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

    • Single-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides
    • Sugar backbone is ribose
    • DNA serves as the manual, and RNA serves as its "photocopy"
    • Three types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

    Types of RNA

    • mRNA (messenger RNA)
      • Made from DNA in nucleus
      • Travels out of nucleus and finds a ribosome
      • Carries genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm
    • tRNA (transfer RNA)
      • Brings amino acids to the ribosome
      • Found in cytoplasm
    • rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
      • Part of the ribosome
      • Directs the translation of mRNA into proteins

    Importance of RNA

    • Acts as enzymes that speed up chemical reactions
    • Regulates various cell processes, including cell division, growth, and cell aging and death
    • RNA defects can result in human diseases

    Proteins

    • Composed of polymers of numerous amino acids known as polypeptides
    • 20 amino acids
    • Amino acids can be configured into unique information-carrying structures
    • Properties of proteins are determined by the order of amino acids in a polypeptide

    Amino Acids

    • Essential amino acids: cannot be produced by our bodies
    • Nonessential amino acids: can be produced by our bodies
    • Conditionally nonessential amino acids: not vital but may become urgent during health crisis or stress

    Genetic Code and Codon

    • The language of instruction in the mRNA is called genetic code
    • The 3-letter combination in the mRNA is known as a codon
    • Codon charts are used to find the amino acid that corresponds to DNA and RNA
    • Features of codons:
      • Most codons specify an amino acid
      • Three "stop" codons (UAG, UGA, UAA) mark the end of a protein
      • One "start" codon (AUG) marks the beginning of a protein and encodes the amino acid methionine

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your understanding of the central dogma, a fundamental principle in genetics that explains how genetic information flows from DNA to proteins. Covers DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser