Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Which of the following cell types lack a true nucleus?
What is the term for the process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy?
What is the function of lysosomes in a cell?
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What is the term for the jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes take place?
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What is the general equation for a neutralization reaction?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of strong acids?
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What is an example of a precipitation reaction involving salts?
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What is a use of salts in industrial processes?
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Which of the following is an example of a weak base?
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Study Notes
Cellular Structure
- Plasma Membrane: semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes take place
- Nucleus: control center of the cell where DNA is stored
- Mitochondria: organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes: small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs
- Lysosomes: membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances
- Golgi Apparatus: complex of flattened sacs and tubules involved in protein modification, sorting, and packaging
Cellular Functions
- Metabolism: process by which cells convert energy and nutrients into the components that make up living organisms
- Photosynthesis: process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy (in plants and some microorganisms)
- Cell Division: process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells (mitosis) or four daughter cells (meiosis)
- Cell Signaling: process by which cells communicate with each other through signaling molecules
- Cell Adhesion: process by which cells stick together to form tissues and organs
Cell Types
- Prokaryotic Cells: lack a true nucleus and are typically small and simple in structure (bacteria)
- Eukaryotic Cells: have a true nucleus and are typically larger and more complex in structure (plants, animals, fungi, protists)
- Stem Cells: undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types
- Differentiated Cells: specialized cells that have a specific function in the body (e.g. nerve cells, muscle cells)
Cellular Structure
- Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, separating the cell from its environment and regulating the flow of substances in and out.
- Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where metabolic processes take place, and it's composed of water, salts, sugars, and various organelles.
- Nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing most of the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA.
- Mitochondria are organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration, producing ATP as a byproduct.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis, modification, and transport, with two types: rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes).
- Ribosomes are small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs, and they can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER.
- Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances, maintaining cellular homeostasis.
- Golgi Apparatus is a complex of flattened sacs and tubules involved in protein modification, sorting, and packaging, and plays a key role in cellular secretion.
Cellular Functions
- Metabolism involves the breakdown and synthesis of organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, to maintain cellular homeostasis and energy production.
- Photosynthesis is the process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen as byproducts, occurring in chloroplasts of plant cells and some microorganisms.
- Cell Division is the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells (mitosis) or four daughter cells (meiosis), ensuring the transmission of genetic material from one generation to the next.
- Cell Signaling involves the transmission and reception of signals through signaling molecules, allowing cells to communicate and respond to their environment.
- Cell Adhesion is the process by which cells stick together to form tissues and organs, maintaining tissue structure and function.
Cell Types
- Prokaryotic Cells lack a true nucleus and are typically small and simple in structure, with a single circular chromosome and no membrane-bound organelles, characteristic of bacteria.
- Eukaryotic Cells have a true nucleus and are typically larger and more complex in structure, with linear chromosomes and membrane-bound organelles, characteristic of plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
- Stem Cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types, playing a key role in development, growth, and tissue repair.
- Differentiated Cells are specialized cells that have a specific function in the body, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells, resulting from the process of cell differentiation.
Neutralization Reactions
- Acid-base reaction that forms salt and water
- General equation: H+ donor + OH- acceptor → Salt + Water
- Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
- Exothermic reaction, releasing heat energy
- Important in pH regulation, wastewater treatment, and production of soaps and detergents
Acid Properties
-
Strong Acids: completely dissociate in water, producing H+ ions
- Examples: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4
- High dissociation constants (Ka)
-
Weak Acids: partially dissociate in water, producing H+ ions
- Examples: CH3COOH, HCO3-, HCN
- Low dissociation constants (Ka)
Base Properties
-
Strong Bases: completely dissociate in water, producing OH- ions
- Examples: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
- High dissociation constants (Kb)
-
Weak Bases: partially dissociate in water, producing OH- ions
- Examples: NH3, CH3NH2
- Low dissociation constants (Kb)
Salts in Chemical Reactions
- Salts can form through:
- Neutralization reactions: acid-base reactions producing salts
- Precipitation reactions: salts precipitating out of solution
- Salts can participate in:
- Redox reactions: oxidation-reduction reactions
- Hydrolysis reactions: reacting with water to form acids or bases
- Salts have industrial applications in:
- Paper, dye, and pharmaceutical production
- Wastewater treatment and pollution control
- Food preservation and preparation
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Test your knowledge of cellular structure, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.