Cellular Structure Quiz

Plasma Membrane: semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes take place
Nucleus: control center of the cell where DNA is stored
Mitochondria: organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport
Ribosomes: small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs
Lysosomes: membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances
Golgi Apparatus: complex of flattened sacs and tubules involved in protein modification, sorting, and packaging

Metabolism: process by which cells convert energy and nutrients into the components that make up living organisms
Photosynthesis: process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy (in plants and some microorganisms)
Cell Division: process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells (mitosis) or four daughter cells (meiosis)
Cell Signaling: process by which cells communicate with each other through signaling molecules
Cell Adhesion: process by which cells stick together to form tissues and organs

Prokaryotic Cells: lack a true nucleus and are typically small and simple in structure (bacteria)
Eukaryotic Cells: have a true nucleus and are typically larger and more complex in structure (plants, animals, fungi, protists)
Stem Cells: undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types
Differentiated Cells: specialized cells that have a specific function in the body (e.g. nerve cells, muscle cells)

Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, separating the cell from its environment and regulating the flow of substances in and out.
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where metabolic processes take place, and it's composed of water, salts, sugars, and various organelles.
Nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing most of the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA.
Mitochondria are organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration, producing ATP as a byproduct.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis, modification, and transport, with two types: rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes).
Ribosomes are small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs, and they can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER.
Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances, maintaining cellular homeostasis.
Golgi Apparatus is a complex of flattened sacs and tubules involved in protein modification, sorting, and packaging, and plays a key role in cellular secretion.

Metabolism involves the breakdown and synthesis of organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, to maintain cellular homeostasis and energy production.
Photosynthesis is the process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen as byproducts, occurring in chloroplasts of plant cells and some microorganisms.
Cell Division is the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells (mitosis) or four daughter cells (meiosis), ensuring the transmission of genetic material from one generation to the next.
Cell Signaling involves the transmission and reception of signals through signaling molecules, allowing cells to communicate and respond to their environment.
Cell Adhesion is the process by which cells stick together to form tissues and organs, maintaining tissue structure and function.

Prokaryotic Cells lack a true nucleus and are typically small and simple in structure, with a single circular chromosome and no membrane-bound organelles, characteristic of bacteria.
Eukaryotic Cells have a true nucleus and are typically larger and more complex in structure, with linear chromosomes and membrane-bound organelles, characteristic of plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Stem Cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types, playing a key role in development, growth, and tissue repair.
Differentiated Cells are specialized cells that have a specific function in the body, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells, resulting from the process of cell differentiation.

Acid-base reaction that forms salt and water
General equation: H+ donor + OH- acceptor → Salt + Water
Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Exothermic reaction, releasing heat energy
Important in pH regulation, wastewater treatment, and production of soaps and detergents

Strong Acids: completely dissociate in water, producing H+ ions
- Examples: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4
- High dissociation constants (Ka)
Weak Acids: partially dissociate in water, producing H+ ions
- Examples: CH3COOH, HCO3-, HCN
- Low dissociation constants (Ka)

Strong Bases: completely dissociate in water, producing OH- ions
- Examples: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
- High dissociation constants (Kb)
Weak Bases: partially dissociate in water, producing OH- ions
- Examples: NH3, CH3NH2
- Low dissociation constants (Kb)

Salts can form through:
- Neutralization reactions: acid-base reactions producing salts
- Precipitation reactions: salts precipitating out of solution
Salts can participate in:
- Redox reactions: oxidation-reduction reactions
- Hydrolysis reactions: reacting with water to form acids or bases
Salts have industrial applications in:
- Paper, dye, and pharmaceutical production
- Wastewater treatment and pollution control
- Food preservation and preparation