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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the mitochondria in a cell?
What type of transport involves the movement of substances from high to low concentration?
Which organelle is involved in protein synthesis and transport?
What is the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells?
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During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the center of the cell?
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What is the term for the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane?
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Which organelle contains genetic material?
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What is the process by which substances are moved against their concentration gradient?
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During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?
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What is the site of protein synthesis?
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Study Notes
Cellular Structure
- A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life
- Components of a cell:
- Plasma membrane: semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes occur
- Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria: responsible for generating energy for the cell
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes and break down waste
Cellular Transport
- Movement of substances in and out of cells
- Types of transport:
- Passive transport:
- Diffusion: movement of substances from high to low concentration
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
- Facilitated diffusion: assisted diffusion using transport proteins
- Active transport:
- Requires energy from the cell
- Movement of substances against their concentration gradient
- Examples: sodium-potassium pump, calcium pump
- Passive transport:
Cell Division
- Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
- Types of cell division:
- Mitosis: division of somatic cells (non-reproductive cells)
- Meiosis: division of reproductive cells (gametes)
- Phases of mitosis:
- Interphase: cell grows and prepares for division
- Prophase: chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- Metaphase: chromosomes align at the center of the cell
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms
- Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides and cell splits
Blood Groups
- Classification of blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells
- ABO blood group system:
- A antigen: present on red blood cells of individuals with A or AB blood type
- B antigen: present on red blood cells of individuals with B or AB blood type
- Rh blood group system:
- Rh+ (Rhesus positive): has Rh antigen on red blood cells
- Rh- (Rhesus negative): does not have Rh antigen on red blood cells
- Blood types:
- A: A antigen present, Rh+ or Rh-
- B: B antigen present, Rh+ or Rh-
- AB: both A and B antigens present, Rh+ or Rh-
- O: neither A nor B antigen present, Rh+ or Rh-
Cellular Structure
- A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life
- Components of a cell include:
- Plasma membrane: semi-permeable membrane separating the cell from its environment
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes occur
- Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria: responsible for generating energy for the cell
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes and break down waste
Cellular Transport
- Movement of substances in and out of cells
- Types of transport include:
- Passive transport:
- Diffusion: movement of substances from high to low concentration
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
- Facilitated diffusion: assisted diffusion using transport proteins
- Active transport:
- Requires energy from the cell
- Movement of substances against their concentration gradient
- Examples: sodium-potassium pump, calcium pump
Cell Division
- Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
- Types of cell division:
- Mitosis: division of somatic cells (non-reproductive cells)
- Meiosis: division of reproductive cells (gametes)
- Phases of mitosis:
- Interphase: cell grows and prepares for division
- Prophase: chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- Metaphase: chromosomes align at the center of the cell
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms
- Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides and cell splits
Blood Groups
- Classification of blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells
- ABO blood group system:
- A antigen: present on red blood cells of individuals with A or AB blood type
- B antigen: present on red blood cells of individuals with B or AB blood type
- Rh blood group system:
- Rh+ (Rhesus positive): has Rh antigen on red blood cells
- Rh- (Rhesus negative): does not have Rh antigen on red blood cells
- Blood types:
- A: A antigen present, Rh+ or Rh-
- B: B antigen present, Rh+ or Rh-
- AB: both A and B antigens present, Rh+ or Rh-
- O: neither A nor B antigen present, Rh+ or Rh-
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Description
Learn about the basic components of a cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes, and their roles in cellular processes.
