Uzma From Glossary Q to V mcq
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Uzma From Glossary Q to V mcq

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the protein kinase encoded by the Raf gene in cellular signaling?

  • It promotes the exchange of DNA strands during recombination.
  • It catalyzes the synthesis of RNA.
  • It activates the ERK MAP kinase pathway. (correct)
  • It is involved in the movement of transposable elements.

    • What is the primary function of RecA in DNA metabolism?

  • It activates the ERK MAP kinase pathway.
  • It promotes the exchange of DNA strands during recombination. (correct)
  • It catalyzes the synthesis of RNA.
  • It regulates cell cycle progression.

    • Which of the following is a function of the ribosome?

  • Activation of tyrosine kinases
  • Synthesis of DNA
  • Protein synthesis (correct)
  • Transcription of mRNA

    • Which term describes a membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase that is a receptor for extracellular ligands?

    <p>Receptor tyrosine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RNA polymerase in gene expression?

    <p>It catalyses the synthesis of RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a protein that recognizes stop codons and terminates translation of mRNA?

    <p>Release factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In muscle cells, what is the contractile unit composed of interacting myosin and actin filaments called?

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of telomerase in cells?

    <p>Synthesis of telomeric repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a polymer of ribonucleotides?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the secretory vesicle in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Storage of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an early stage of evolution based on self-replicating RNA molecules?

    <p>RNA world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of cancer that originates from cells of connective tissue?

    <p>Sarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme cleaves DNA at a specific sequence?

    <p>Ribonucleic acid (RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The abbreviation "UTR" in 5' untranslated region (UTR) and 3' untranslated region (UTR) stands for:

    <p>Untranslated region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plant cells, what does the vacuole primarily function to store?

    <p>Nutrients and waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Toll-like receptor in cellular signaling?

    <p>Recognition of antigens on the surface of other cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a protein that mediates the association of actin filaments with integrins at focal adhesions?

    <p>Talin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the complex that catalyzes the splicing of pre-mRNAs?

    <p>Spliceosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is a member of a group of hydrophobic hormones, including estrogen and testosterone, that are derivatives of cholesterol?

    <p>Steroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of DNA replication in which the two parental strands separate and serve as templates for the synthesis of new progeny strands called?

    <p>Replication fork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a large complex containing clustered sites of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Replication factory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RecA in DNA metabolism?

    <p>It promotes the exchange of DNA strands during recombination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of telomerase in cells?

    <p>Synthesis of telomeric repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is a member of a group of hydrophobic hormones, including estrogen and testosterone, that are derivatives of cholesterol?

    <p>Steroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the secretory vesicle in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Transportation of proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a large complex containing clustered sites of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Replication factory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the ability of a microscope to distinguish objects separated by small distances?

    <p>Resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Ran protein in cellular processes?

    <p>Involvement in nuclear import and export</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ribosome in cellular processes

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cellular signaling, what is the primary function of receptor tyrosine kinases?

    <p>Activation of the ERK MAP kinase pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template?

    <p>Reverse transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for cleaving the 5′ end of pre-tRNAs?

    <p>RNAse P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a spliceosome in gene expression?

    <p>Removal of introns from pre-mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a regulatory molecule that blocks transcription?

    <p>Repressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the release factor in translation?

    <p>Termination of translation by recognizing stop codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for degrading the RNA strand of RNA-DNA hybrid molecules?

    <p>RNAse H</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animal cell cycles, what is the regulatory point that occurs late in G1, after which a cell is committed to entering S and undergoing one cell division cycle?

    <p>Replication factory point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a retrotransposon in the genome?

    <p>Movement via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a virus that replicates by making a DNA copy of its RNA genome by reverse transcription?

    <p>Retrovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a polymer of ribonucleotides?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Smad proteins in cellular processes?

    <p>Transcriptional regulation in response to TGF-β signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of cell adhesion molecule that recognizes oligosaccharides exposed on the cell surface?

    <p>Selectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a scaffold protein in cellular processes?

    <p>Organization of components within signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of introducing a foreign gene into eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Transfection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in bacterial mRNA?

    <p>Recognition and alignment of mRNA on ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of synthesizing telomeric repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes from its own RNA template?

    <p>Telomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of hydrophobic hormone, including estrogen and testosterone, that are derivatives of cholesterol?

    <p>Steroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In muscle cells, what is the contractile unit composed of interacting myosin and actin filaments?

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a signaling molecule synthesized from vitamin A?

    <p>Retinoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Ran protein in cellular processes?

    <p>Involvement in nuclear import and export</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cellular signaling, what is the primary function of receptor tyrosine kinases?

    <p>Activation of the ERK MAP kinase pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template?

    <p>Reverse transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for cleaving the 5′ end of pre-tRNAs?

    <p>RNAse P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a spliceosome in gene expression?

    <p>Removal of introns from pre-mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a regulatory molecule that blocks transcription?

    <p>Repressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the release factor in translation?

    <p>Termination of translation by recognizing stop codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for degrading the RNA strand of RNA-DNA hybrid molecules?

    <p>RNAse H</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animal cell cycles, what is the regulatory point that occurs late in G1, after which a cell is committed to entering S and undergoing one cell division cycle?

    <p>Restriction point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a retrotransposon in the genome?

    <p>Movement via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a virus that replicates by making a DNA copy of its RNA genome by reverse transcription?

    <p>Retrovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme?

    <p>Ribozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complex containing clustered sites of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Replication factory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of muscle contraction, what is the model that explains contraction as a result of the sliding of actin and myosin filaments relative to each other?

    <p>Sliding filament model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a repeat of simple-sequence DNA that maintains the ends of linear chromosomes?

    <p>Satellite DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a protein translocation complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane?

    <p>Tim complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Shine-Dalgarno sequence in bacterial mRNA?

    <p>Promotion of translation of mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a short noncoding double-strand RNA molecule that acts in the RNA interference pathway?

    <p>Short interfering RNA (siRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a cell, what is the term for the interconnected network formed by the interactions of multiple signaling pathways?

    <p>Signaling network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a continuous network of protein strands around the circumference of epithelial cells, sealing the space between cells and forming a barrier?

    <p>Tight junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major actin-binding protein of the cell cortex?

    <p>Spectrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a polymer of glucose residues that is the principal storage form of carbohydrates in plants? What is the term for a polymer of glucose residues that is the principal storage form of carbohydrates in plants?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of gene expression, what is the term for the process of synthesizing an RNA molecule from a DNA template?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein kinase that phosphorylates serine and threonine residues?

    <p>Serine/threonine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cell cycle regulation, what is the term for the regulatory DNA sequence found in the promoters of many eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II?

    <p>TATA box</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a basal transcription factor that binds directly to the TATA box in eukaryotic gene promoters?

    <p>TATA-binding protein (TBP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of reversible breakage and rejoining of DNA strands catalyzed by an enzyme?

    <p>Topoisomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an RNA molecule ranging in size from 50 to 200 bases, found in the nucleus and involved in various cellular processes?

    <p>Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a transmembrane protein that mediates fusion of vesicle and target membranes?

    <p>SNARE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animal cloning, what is the basic procedure where the nucleus of an adult somatic cell is transferred to an enucleated egg?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the term for the final phase of mitosis when the nuclei re-form and chromosomes decondense?

    <p>Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a repeat of simple-sequence DNA that maintains the ends of linear chromosomes?

    <p>Satellite DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a protein translocation complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane?

    <p>Toc complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cell signaling, what is the term for a member of a family of receptors that recognize a variety of molecules associated with pathogenic bacteria and viruses?

    <p>Toll-like receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a particle composed of proteins and RNA that binds to signal sequences and targets polypeptide chains to the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Signal recognition particle (SRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of protein synthesis, what is the term for a hydrophobic sequence at the amino terminus of a polypeptide chain that targets it for secretion in bacteria or incorporation into the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Signal sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a DNA polymerase that uses an RNA template?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA repair, what is the term for the repair of damaged DNA by recombination with an undamaged homologous DNA molecule?

    <p>Recombinational repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a large complex containing clustered sites of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Replication factory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the region of DNA synthesis where the parental strands separate, and two new daughter strands elongate?

    <p>Replication fork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gene regulation, what is the term for a regulatory molecule that blocks transcription?

    <p>Repressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the use of nuclear transfer to create a cloned organism?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In microscopy, what is the term for the ability of a microscope to distinguish objects separated by small distances?

    <p>Resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an enzyme that cleaves DNA at a specific sequence?

    <p>Restriction endonuclease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animal cell cycles, what is the term for the regulatory point that occurs late in G1 and commits a cell to entering S and undergoing one cell division cycle?

    <p>Restriction point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a signaling molecule synthesized from vitamin A?

    <p>Retinoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of molecular biology, what is the term for a molecule related to retinoic acid?

    <p>Retinoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of a transposable element via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate?

    <p>Retrotransposon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a virus that replicates by making a DNA copy of its RNA genome by reverse transcription?

    <p>Retrovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a retrotransposon that is structurally similar to a retrovirus?

    <p>Retrovirus-like element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA replication, what is the term for a DNA polymerase that uses an RNA template?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template?

    <p>Reverse transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a family of small GTP-binding proteins involved in the regulation of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Rho</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the RNA component of ribosomes?

    <p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In molecular biology, what is the term for an RNA enzyme?

    <p>Ribozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following refers to the degradation of mRNAs by short complementary double-stranded RNA molecules?

    <p>RNA interference (RNAi)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the enzyme that recognizes stop codons and terminates translation of mRNA?

    <p>Release factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, what is the term for the specialized network of membranes in muscle cells that stores a high concentration of Ca2+?

    <p>Sarcoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for simple-sequence repetitive DNA with a buoyant density differing from the bulk of genomic DNA?

    <p>Satellite DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cell signaling, what is the term for a protein that binds to components of signaling pathways, leading to their organization in specific signaling cassettes?

    <p>Scaffold protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of cell adhesion molecule that recognizes oligosaccharides exposed on the cell surface?

    <p>Selectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In RNA processing, what is the term for the ability of some RNAs to catalyze the removal of their own introns?

    <p>Self-splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of DNA replication in which the two parental strands separate and serve as templates for the synthesis of new progeny strands?

    <p>Semiconservative replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hydrophobic sequence at the amino terminus of a polypeptide chain that targets it for secretion in bacteria or incorporation into the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Signal sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a chain of reactions that transmits chemical signals from the cell surface to their intracellular targets?

    <p>Signaling network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of actin-binding protein that mediates the association of actin filaments with integrins at focal adhesions?

    <p>Talin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mass spectrometry, what is the term for a method in which sequential analyses by mass spectrometry are used to determine the amino acid sequence of a peptide?

    <p>Tandem mass spectrometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a regulatory DNA sequence found in the promoters of many eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II?

    <p>TATA box</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a basal transcription factor that binds directly to the TATA box in eukaryotic gene promoters?

    <p>TATA-binding protein (TBP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reverse transcriptase that synthesizes telomeric repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes from its own RNA template?

    <p>Telomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of mitosis, what is the term for the final phase during which the nuclei re-form and chromosomes decondense?

    <p>Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain that gives the protein its functional form?

    <p>Tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of chemical bond in which atoms share a single pair of electrons?

    <p>Single bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein that stabilizes unwound DNA by binding to single-stranded regions?

    <p>Single-stranded DNA-binding protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for the introduction of multiple mutations within rearranged immunoglobulin variable regions to increase antibody diversity?

    <p>Somatic hypermutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is commonly used to separate proteins by gel electrophoresis on the basis of size?

    <p>SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the Golgi compartment within which proteins are sorted and packaged to exit the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Trans Golgi network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a large membrane-enclosed sac in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, often responsible for storing nutrients and waste products?

    <p>Vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a highly conserved protein that acts as a marker to target other cellular proteins for rapid degradation?

    <p>Ubiquitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of muscle contraction, what is the term for the contractile unit of muscle cells composed of interacting myosin and actin filaments?

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a network of protein strands around the circumference of epithelial cells, sealing the space between cells and forming a barrier between the apical and basolateral domains?

    <p>Tight junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In RNA processing, what is the term for a small RNA present in the nucleolus that functions in pre-rRNA processing?

    <p>Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a phospholipid consisting of two hydrocarbon chains bound to a polar head group containing serine?

    <p>Sphingomyelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of cell adhesion molecule that plays a role in cell-cell adhesion by recognizing homophilic interactions between cadherins?

    <p>Synaptic vesicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cell biology, what is the term for the movement of secreted proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and then, within secretory vesicles, to the cell surface?

    <p>Secretory pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a member of a family of transcription factors activated by TGF-β receptors?

    <p>STAT protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a specialized microvillus of auditory hair cells?

    <p>Stereocilium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for the process of introducing multiple mutations within rearranged immunoglobulin variable regions to increase antibody diversity?

    <p>Somatic hypermutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is used to determine the amino acid sequence of a peptide by sequential analyses in mass spectrometry?

    <p>Tandem mass spectrometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein that mediates the association of actin filaments with integrins at focal adhesions?

    <p>Talin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In RNA processing, what is the term for the sequence at the 5′ end of mRNA that correctly aligns bacterial mRNAs on ribosomes?

    <p>Shine-Dalgarno sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a short noncoding double-strand RNA that acts in the RNA interference pathway to degrade specific mRNAs?

    <p>Small interfering RNA (siRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cell adhesion, what is the term for a type of cell adhesion molecule that recognizes oligosaccharides exposed on the cell surface?

    <p>Selectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a particle composed of proteins and RNA that binds to signal sequences and targets polypeptide chains to the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Signal recognition particle (SRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, what is the term for the process in which the two parental DNA strands separate and serve as templates for the synthesis of new daughter strands?

    <p>Semiconservative replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of a microscope to distinguish objects separated by small distances?

    <p>Resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA repair, what is the term for the repair of damaged DNA by recombination with an undamaged homologous DNA molecule?

    <p>Recombinational repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a regulatory molecule that blocks transcription?

    <p>Repressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the cell cycle, what is the term for a regulatory point in animal cell cycles that occurs late in G1, after which a cell is committed to entering S and undergoing one cell division cycle?

    <p>Restriction point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a DNA insert joined to a vector in genetic engineering?

    <p>Recombinant molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In molecular biology, what is the term for synthesis of DNA from an RNA template?

    <p>Reverse transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a virus that replicates by making a DNA copy of its RNA genome via reverse transcription?

    <p>Retrovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA repair, what is the term for a DNA polymerase that uses an RNA template to synthesize DNA?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a transposable element that moves via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate?

    <p>Retrotransposon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of signal transduction, what is the term for a compound whose metabolism is modified as a result of a ligand-receptor interaction and functions as a signal transducer by regulating other intracellular processes?

    <p>Second messenger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a family of small GTP-binding proteins involved in the regulation of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Rho</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for a member of a class of repeated DNA sequences consisting of tandem arrays of thousands of copies of short sequences?

    <p>SINE (short interspersed element)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a polymer of ribonucleotides in molecular biology?

    <p>Ribonucleic acid (RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a polymer of ribonucleotides that serves as the RNA component of ribosomes?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a particle composed of RNA and proteins that is the site of protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In RNA processing, what is the term for an RNA enzyme?

    <p>Ribozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the joining of exons in a precursor RNA molecule?

    <p>RNA splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an enzyme that degrades the RNA strand of RNA-DNA hybrid molecules?

    <p>RNase H</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In RNA processing, what is the term for a ribozyme that cleaves the 5′ end of pre-tRNAs?

    <p>RNase P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an early stage of evolution based on self-replicating RNA molecules?

    <p>RNA world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the endoplasmic reticulum, what is the term for the region that is covered with ribosomes and involved in protein metabolism?

    <p>Rough ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of chemical bond in which atoms share a single pair of electrons?

    <p>Single bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for a polymer of ribonucleotides ranging in size from 50 to 200 bases?

    <p>Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a nuclear RNA component of ribosomes?

    <p>Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a member of a family of transcription factors activated by TGF-β receptors?

    <p>STAT protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the introduction of multiple mutations within rearranged immunoglobulin variable regions to increase antibody diversity?

    <p>Somatic hypermutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In molecular biology, what is the term for a type of myosin other than that found in muscle cells (myosin II)?

    <p>Stereocilium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of hydrophobic hormone, including estrogen and testosterone, that are derivatives of cholesterol?

    <p>Steroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cell biology, what is the term for a bundle of actin filaments anchored at sites of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Stress fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the compartment of chloroplasts that lies between the envelope and the thylakoid membrane?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chloroplast, what is the term for the innermost membrane that is the site of electron transport and ATP synthesis?

    <p>Thylakoid membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a membrane-enclosed sac that transports proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface?

    <p>Secretory vesicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cell adhesion, what is the term for a type of cell adhesion molecule that recognizes oligosaccharides exposed on the cell surface?

    <p>Selectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of a microscope to distinguish objects separated by small distances?

    <p>Resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In molecular biology, what is the term for a polymer of ribonucleotides?

    <p>Transcriptome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a hydrophobic sequence at the amino terminus of a polypeptide chain that targets it for secretion in bacteria or incorporation into the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Signal sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a chain of reactions that transmits chemical signals from the cell surface to their intracellular targets?

    <p>Signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a particle composed of proteins and RNA that binds to signal sequences and targets polypeptide chains to the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Signal recognition particle (SRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for a complex of an snRNA with proteins?

    <p>Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a DNA sequence that can move to different positions in the genome?

    <p>Transposable element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a dynamic behavior of actin filaments and microtubules in which the loss of subunits from one end of the filament is balanced by their addition to the other end?

    <p>Treadmilling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of DNA replication in which the two parental strands separate and serve as templates for the synthesis of new progeny strands?

    <p>Semiconservative replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for a protein kinase that phosphorylates serine and threonine residues?

    <p>Serine/threonine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the region of DNA synthesis where the parental strands separate, and two new daughter strands elongate?

    <p>Replication factory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for an allele that is masked by a dominant allele?

    <p>Recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a regulatory point in animal cell cycles that occurs late in G1, after which a cell is committed to entering S and undergoing one cell division cycle?

    <p>Restriction point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In molecular biology, what is the term for a DNA polymerase that uses an RNA template?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the repair of damaged DNA by recombination with an undamaged homologous DNA molecule?

    <p>Recombinational repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for a gene that acts to maintain the integrity of the genome and whose loss can lead to the Explanation: The correct answer is D. A stability gene is a gene that plays a role in maintaining the integrity of the genome, and its loss or mutation can lead to the development of cancer or genetic instability.development of cancer?

    <p>Stability gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a method in which the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to quantitate the amount of target DNA or RNA present in a sample?

    <p>Real-time PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cell biology, what is the term for a protein that stabilizes unwound DNA by binding to single-stranded regions?

    <p>Single-stranded DNA-binding protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cell biology, what is the term for the process of DNA replication in which the two parental strands separate, and each serves as a template for the synthesis of a new progeny strand?

    <p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a major actin-binding protein of the cell cortex?

    <p>Spectrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for a member of a family of receptors that recognize a variety of molecules associated with pathogenic bacteria and viruses?

    <p>Toll-like receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a membrane-enclosed sac that transports proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface?

    <p>Secretory vesicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for the process of DNA replication in which the two parental strands separate, and each serves as a template for the synthesis of a new progeny strand?

    <p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a phospholipid consisting of two hydrocarbon chains bound to a polar head group containing serine?

    <p>Sphingomyelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for a short noncoding double-strand RNA that acts in the RNA interference pathway?

    <p>Short interfering RNA (siRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an RNA molecule that functions as an adaptor between amino acids and mRNA during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transfer RNA (tRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cell biology, what is the term for the innermost membrane of chloroplasts that is the site of electron transport and ATP synthesis?

    <p>Thylakoid membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a member of a family of transcription factors that have an SH2 domain and are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation, which promotes their translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus?

    <p>STAT protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the separation of particles based on their rates of sedimentation?

    <p>Velocity centrifugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the combined use of video cameras with the light microscope to allow the visualization of small objects?

    <p>Video-enhanced microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major actin-bundling protein of intestinal microvilli?

    <p>Villin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intermediate filament protein is found in a variety of different kinds of cells?

    <p>Vimentin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug inhibits microtubule polymerization?

    <p>Vinblastine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein mediates the association of actin filaments with integrins at focal adhesions?

    <p>Vinculin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a vitamin that regulates calcium metabolism and bone growth by stimulating the activity of a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily?

    <p>Vitamin D3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ion channel opens in response to changes in electric potential?

    <p>Voltage-gated channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein that stimulates actin filament branching?

    <p>WASP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a method in which yeast genetics is used to identify proteins that interact with one another?

    <p>Yeast two-hybrid system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the dosage compensation mechanism in which most of the genes on one X chromosome are inactivated in female cells?

    <p>X chromosome inactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method in which the diffraction pattern of X-rays is used to determine the arrangement of individual atoms within a molecule?

    <p>X-ray crystallography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an African clawed frog used as a model system for developmental biology?

    <p>Xenopus laevis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the simplest unicellular eukaryotes and are important models for studies of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vector that can replicate as a chromosome in yeast cells and can accommodate very large DNA inserts (hundreds of kb)?

    <p>Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the secreted signaling molecule that stimulates a pathway regulating cell fate during embryonic development?

    <p>Wnt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a dosage compensation mechanism in which most of the genes on one X chromosome are inactivated in female cells?

    <p>X chromosome inactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method in which yeast genetics is used to identify proteins that interact with one another?

    <p>Yeast two-hybrid system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a species of small fish used for genetic studies of vertebrate development?

    <p>Zebrafish</p> Signup and view all the answers

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