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Questions and Answers
Which type of hormones are lipophilic and can pass through the cell membrane?
Which type of hormones are lipophilic and can pass through the cell membrane?
Where do peptide and protein hormones bind within the cell?
Where do peptide and protein hormones bind within the cell?
Which hormone class includes catecholamines and thyroid hormones?
Which hormone class includes catecholamines and thyroid hormones?
Which hormone is responsible for regulating hair growth and sex drive?
Which hormone is responsible for regulating hair growth and sex drive?
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What type of mutation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene leads to impaired sperm development or masculinization?
What type of mutation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene leads to impaired sperm development or masculinization?
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Which syndrome is characterized by external female genitals but lacking internal female organs?
Which syndrome is characterized by external female genitals but lacking internal female organs?
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What does the Mullerian Duct Inhibitor do in males?
What does the Mullerian Duct Inhibitor do in males?
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What is the effect of defective androgen receptor (AR) on Wolffian ducts and genitals?
What is the effect of defective androgen receptor (AR) on Wolffian ducts and genitals?
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What hormone is used in hormone replacement therapy for females with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?
What hormone is used in hormone replacement therapy for females with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?
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What is secreted by testicles and prevents the development of internal female sex organs in males?
What is secreted by testicles and prevents the development of internal female sex organs in males?
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What is the genetic makeup of individuals with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?
What is the genetic makeup of individuals with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?
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Which enzyme produces cAMP, leading to the activation of PKA?
Which enzyme produces cAMP, leading to the activation of PKA?
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What is the function of IP3 in cellular signaling?
What is the function of IP3 in cellular signaling?
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Which hormones stimulate glucose mobilization in liver cells through similar signaling pathways?
Which hormones stimulate glucose mobilization in liver cells through similar signaling pathways?
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What is the role of PKA in cellular responses?
What is the role of PKA in cellular responses?
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Which hormones have opposing effects on glucose metabolism?
Which hormones have opposing effects on glucose metabolism?
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What type of receptors do steroid hormones, such as cortisol, act through?
What type of receptors do steroid hormones, such as cortisol, act through?
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Which type of hormone receptor is located inside the cell and can bind to hormones such as estrogen and testosterone?
Which type of hormone receptor is located inside the cell and can bind to hormones such as estrogen and testosterone?
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What is the main function of protein kinase activation in hormone action?
What is the main function of protein kinase activation in hormone action?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels by lowering it?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels by lowering it?
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What stimulates the secretion of aldosterone through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway?
What stimulates the secretion of aldosterone through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway?
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Which hormone acts on the kidneys to promote sodium and water retention, ultimately increasing blood pressure?
Which hormone acts on the kidneys to promote sodium and water retention, ultimately increasing blood pressure?
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What is the main function of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in hormone signaling?
What is the main function of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in hormone signaling?
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Which hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulating the synthesis and release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland?
Which hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulating the synthesis and release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland?
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Which hormone regulates water balance?
Which hormone regulates water balance?
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Which gland produces parathyroid hormone (PTH), raising calcium blood levels?
Which gland produces parathyroid hormone (PTH), raising calcium blood levels?
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What causes Diabetes Insipidus?
What causes Diabetes Insipidus?
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Which hormones require iodine for their production?
Which hormones require iodine for their production?
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Which part of the adrenal glands is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system and secretes catecholamines?
Which part of the adrenal glands is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system and secretes catecholamines?
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What regulates enzymes controlling carbohydrate and lipid metabolism?
What regulates enzymes controlling carbohydrate and lipid metabolism?
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Which hormone stimulates the synthesis and release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland?
Which hormone stimulates the synthesis and release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland?
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When does sexual differentiation occur during development?
When does sexual differentiation occur during development?
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What determines male sex?
What determines male sex?
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What regulates blood glucose levels?
What regulates blood glucose levels?
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Which hormone maintains male secondary sex characteristics?
Which hormone maintains male secondary sex characteristics?
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Study Notes
- Molecular Endocrine system focuses on signals transduction and receptors.
- Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulating the synthesis and release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland.
- The hypothalamus is part of the brain, acting as an integration and control center, connected to the pituitary gland.
- The pituitary gland consists of anterior pituitary hormones, including TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH, and Prolactin, and posterior pituitary, which includes distal axons of hypothalamus magnocellular neurons producing oxytocin and vasopressin.
- Vasopressin regulates water balance, while oxytocin regulates reproductive behavior and stimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions.
- Anterior pituitary disorders, like pituitary dwarfism, acromegaly, and Gigantism, can result from a tumor causing a decrease in hormonal output, or hyperplasia of pituitary gland resulting in abnormally high levels of growth hormone.
- Diabetes Insipidus is a disorder where large volumes of hypotonic or dilute urine are produced due to the absence or inadequate response to vasopressin.
- The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones, which include Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3), and requires iodine to produce them. Thyroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus and regulate enzymes controlling carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
- The parathyroid gland produces parathyroid hormone (PTH), which raises calcium blood levels and stimulates the intestinal absorption of calcium.
- The adrenal glands have the medulla, which is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system and secretes catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), and the cortex, which is stimulated by anterior pituitary hormone ACTH and secretes corticosteroids.
- The pancreas has exocrine and endocrine functions, with endocrine function governed by islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels.
- Sexual differentiation occurs between the 1st and 6th week of development, and the 7th week marks the start of primary reproductive organ development, with hormones produced from the organs determining the sex of the embryo.
- The Y chromosome determines male sex, with the SRY gene directing the synthesis of testicular determine factor (TDF), which binds to DNA and causes the differentiation of cells from genital ridges into testes.
- Male hormonal regulation is controlled by the hypothalamus, with GnRH causing the release of FSH and LH, which stimulate sperm production in the testes and testosterone production in the interstitial cells.
- Androgens, like testosterone, maintain male secondary sex characteristics and stimulate inhibin production, which downregulates FSH synthesis and inhibits FSH secretion.
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Description
Test your knowledge of G protein and cyclic nucleotide signaling with this quiz. Explore the activation of Protein Kinase A, second messenger molecules, and the cellular responses triggered by G protein activation.
