Questions and Answers
What is thought to be the mechanism underlying metaplasia?
What type of metaplasia is exemplified by the squamous change in the respiratory epithelium of habitual cigarette smokers?
What is the cell type that is thought to be involved in metaplasia?
What is the result of metaplasia in the respiratory epithelium of habitual cigarette smokers?
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What is the significance of understanding metaplasia?
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How soon does mitotic activity in the remaining liver cells begin after partial resection?
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What is the primary purpose of mitotic activity in the liver after partial resection?
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What happens to the weight of the liver after a partial resection?
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Which of the following best describes the time frame of liver cell mitosis after partial removal?
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What cellular process takes place in the liver after it undergoes a partial resection?
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What happens to cells in response to excessive physiologic stresses?
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What characterizes reversible injury in cells?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding cell adaptation?
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What is typically the first response of cells to physiologic stress?
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What occurs if the pathologic stimulus is too severe for cell adaptation?
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What is the main reason why striated muscle cells in skeletal muscle and the heart can only undergo hypertrophy?
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What is the primary stimulus for hypertrophy in striated muscle cells?
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What type of muscle cells can undergo hypertrophy in response to increased demand?
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What can cause hypertrophy in striated muscle cells?
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What is hypertrophy classified as when it occurs due to specific hormonal stimulation?
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What is a key characteristic of necrosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of necrosis?
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What happens to cellular organelles during necrosis?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between necrosis and apoptosis?
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What is the main difference between chromatin condensation and fragmentation in necrosis?
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Study Notes
Cellular Response to Stress
- Cells can adapt their functional states in response to mild stress to maintain homeostasis.
- Excessive physiological stress or pathological stimuli lead to three outcomes: adaptation, reversible injury, or irreversible injury with cell death.
Reversible Injury
- Defined as pathological changes in cells that can revert to normal if the damaging stimulus is removed or if the injury is mild.
Hypertrophy
- Refers to an increase in cell size due to increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation; can be physiological or pathological.
- Striated muscle cells (skeletal and cardiac) primarily undergo hypertrophy as they have limited capacity to divide in adults.
- In contrast, liver cells can proliferate post injury; mitotic activity increases within 12 hours after partial liver resection, aiding in restoring normal liver weight.
Metaplasia
- Arises through genetic reprogramming of stem cells rather than transformation of differentiated cells.
- Example: Epithelial metaplasia occurs in the respiratory epithelium of habitual cigarette smokers, leading to squamous cell changes.
Necrosis
- A form of cell death that is more common and characterized by:
- Severe swelling of cells.
- Denaturation and coagulation of proteins.
- Breakdown of cellular organelles.
- Rupture of the cell membrane, leading to release of cellular contents.
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Description
This quiz covers how cells respond to stress, including adaptation, reversible injury, and hypertrophy. Learn about the different outcomes of cellular stress and how cells can recover.
