Cellular Respiration Process Quiz

Cellular Respiration

• Common nutrients used by animal and plant cells in cellular respiration include glucose, oxygen, and ATP.
• Aerobic respiration requires O2 as an electron acceptor.
• Cellular respiration is classified as a redox reaction.
• The primary purpose of cellular respiration is to generate energy for living organisms.
• ATP plays a crucial role in cellular activity by providing energy for various cellular processes.
• Cellular respiration is considered an unusual combustion reaction because it involves the slow release of energy from glucose.

Glycolysis and Pyruvate Production

• Glycolysis produces pyruvate, and the preferred method of pyruvate production is through the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
• Oxygen is required for oxidative phosphorylation to create ATP.
• Post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.

Anaerobic Respiration

• Some organisms can continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using inorganic molecules other than oxygen as final electron acceptors.

Electron Transport Chain and ATP Production

• The electron transport chain plays a crucial role in aerobic respiration, generating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
• The approximate maximum yield of ATP molecules per oxidized glucose molecule during cellular respiration is 36-38 ATP.
• The chemical energy stored in ATP is used to drive various cellular processes.

Efficiency of Aerobic Metabolism

• Aerobic metabolism is approximately 18 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism in terms of ATP production.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

• Substrate-level phosphorylation involves the use of high-energy molecules like 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate to make bonds between ADP and a third phosphate group to form ATP.

Genetics and Genomics

• The complete set of genes within an organism's genome is referred to as the genome.
• The term used to describe the complete set of observable traits of the structure and behavior of an organism is phenotype.
• A specific trait that an individual might inherit from one of the parents is called an allele.
• Genetic drift contributes to the accumulation of variations between individuals, leading to species evolution by natural selection.

Traits and Inheritance

• Traits that arise from the interaction between an organism's genotype and the environment are called phenotypic traits.
• Individuals with differing genotypes may respond differently to environmental stimuli, leading to variations in trait expression.
• People with certain genotypes may tan more easily than others due to differences in their melanin production.

DNA Structure and Function

• A gene is a portion of a DNA molecule that specifies a single functional unit.
• The specific location of a DNA sequence within a chromosome is called a locus.
• Different forms of a DNA sequence at a particular locus that vary between individuals are called alleles.
• Long strands of DNA form chromatin within cells.

Epigenetics and Evolution

• Epigenetic variations that may underlie some of the mechanics in developmental plasticity and canalization are referred to as epialleles.
• The process where DNA methylation marks chromatin and self-sustaining metabolic loops are discovered at the organismic level is called epigenetic inheritance.
• The phenomenon of evolving over genes and cannot be explained by the direct agency of the DNA molecule is called epigenetic evolution.
• Ecological inheritance through the process of niche construction is referred to as eco-inheritance.
• The unique combination of DNA sequences that code for genes and are inherited from parents is called a genotype.
• If a mutation occurs within a gene, it can result in altered gene function or expression.