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Questions and Answers
What are the common nutrients used by animal and plant cells in cellular respiration?
What are the common nutrients used by animal and plant cells in cellular respiration?
Which type of respiration requires O2 as an electron acceptor?
Which type of respiration requires O2 as an electron acceptor?
In which type of reaction are the reactions involved in respiration classified?
In which type of reaction are the reactions involved in respiration classified?
What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration in living organisms?
What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration in living organisms?
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What is the role of ATP in cellular activity?
What is the role of ATP in cellular activity?
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Why is cellular respiration considered an unusual combustion reaction?
Why is cellular respiration considered an unusual combustion reaction?
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What is the preferred method of pyruvate production in glycolysis?
What is the preferred method of pyruvate production in glycolysis?
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Which process requires oxygen in order to create ATP?
Which process requires oxygen in order to create ATP?
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Where do the post-glycolytic reactions take place in eukaryotic cells?
Where do the post-glycolytic reactions take place in eukaryotic cells?
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Which organisms are able to continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using inorganic molecules other than oxygen as final electron acceptors?
Which organisms are able to continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using inorganic molecules other than oxygen as final electron acceptors?
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What is the main function of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?
What is the main function of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?
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What is the approximate maximum yield of ATP molecules per oxidized glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
What is the approximate maximum yield of ATP molecules per oxidized glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
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What is the chemical energy stored in ATP used for?
What is the chemical energy stored in ATP used for?
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How many times more efficient is aerobic metabolism compared to anaerobic metabolism in terms of ATP production?
How many times more efficient is aerobic metabolism compared to anaerobic metabolism in terms of ATP production?
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Which molecules are used to make bonds between ADP and a third phosphate group to form ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation?
Which molecules are used to make bonds between ADP and a third phosphate group to form ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation?
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In genetics, what is the term used to describe the complete set of genes within an organism's genome?
In genetics, what is the term used to describe the complete set of genes within an organism's genome?
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Which term is used to describe the complete set of observable traits of the structure and behavior of an organism?
Which term is used to describe the complete set of observable traits of the structure and behavior of an organism?
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What is the term for the specific trait that an individual might inherit from one of the parents, such as 'brown-eye trait' in humans?
What is the term for the specific trait that an individual might inherit from one of the parents, such as 'brown-eye trait' in humans?
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Which process contributes to the accumulation of variations between individuals and causes species to evolve by natural selection?
Which process contributes to the accumulation of variations between individuals and causes species to evolve by natural selection?
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What type of traits arise from the interaction between an organism's genotype and the environment and are not inherited?
What type of traits arise from the interaction between an organism's genotype and the environment and are not inherited?
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Which individuals tan more easily than others due to differences in their genotype?
Which individuals tan more easily than others due to differences in their genotype?
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What is the term for a portion of a DNA molecule that specifies a single functional unit?
What is the term for a portion of a DNA molecule that specifies a single functional unit?
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Where does the specific location of a DNA sequence within a chromosome reside?
Where does the specific location of a DNA sequence within a chromosome reside?
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What do we call the different forms of a DNA sequence at a particular locus that vary between individuals?
What do we call the different forms of a DNA sequence at a particular locus that vary between individuals?
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Which structures do long strands of DNA form within cells?
Which structures do long strands of DNA form within cells?
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What term is used to describe heritable variations that may underlie some of the mechanics in developmental plasticity and canalization?
What term is used to describe heritable variations that may underlie some of the mechanics in developmental plasticity and canalization?
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What do we call the process where DNA methylation marks chromatin and self-sustaining metabolic loops are discovered at the organismic level?
What do we call the process where DNA methylation marks chromatin and self-sustaining metabolic loops are discovered at the organismic level?
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Which phenomenon is classed as evolving over genes and cannot be explained by the direct agency of the DNA molecule?
Which phenomenon is classed as evolving over genes and cannot be explained by the direct agency of the DNA molecule?
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What is the term used to define ecological inheritance through the process of niche construction?
What is the term used to define ecological inheritance through the process of niche construction?
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What is the term for the unique combination of DNA sequences that code for genes and are inherited from parents?
What is the term for the unique combination of DNA sequences that code for genes and are inherited from parents?
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What happens if a mutation occurs within a gene?
What happens if a mutation occurs within a gene?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Common nutrients used by animal and plant cells in cellular respiration include glucose, oxygen, and ATP.
- Aerobic respiration requires O2 as an electron acceptor.
- Cellular respiration is classified as a redox reaction.
- The primary purpose of cellular respiration is to generate energy for living organisms.
- ATP plays a crucial role in cellular activity by providing energy for various cellular processes.
- Cellular respiration is considered an unusual combustion reaction because it involves the slow release of energy from glucose.
Glycolysis and Pyruvate Production
- Glycolysis produces pyruvate, and the preferred method of pyruvate production is through the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
- Oxygen is required for oxidative phosphorylation to create ATP.
- Post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
Anaerobic Respiration
- Some organisms can continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using inorganic molecules other than oxygen as final electron acceptors.
Electron Transport Chain and ATP Production
- The electron transport chain plays a crucial role in aerobic respiration, generating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
- The approximate maximum yield of ATP molecules per oxidized glucose molecule during cellular respiration is 36-38 ATP.
- The chemical energy stored in ATP is used to drive various cellular processes.
Efficiency of Aerobic Metabolism
- Aerobic metabolism is approximately 18 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism in terms of ATP production.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
- Substrate-level phosphorylation involves the use of high-energy molecules like 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate to make bonds between ADP and a third phosphate group to form ATP.
Genetics and Genomics
- The complete set of genes within an organism's genome is referred to as the genome.
- The term used to describe the complete set of observable traits of the structure and behavior of an organism is phenotype.
- A specific trait that an individual might inherit from one of the parents is called an allele.
- Genetic drift contributes to the accumulation of variations between individuals, leading to species evolution by natural selection.
Traits and Inheritance
- Traits that arise from the interaction between an organism's genotype and the environment are called phenotypic traits.
- Individuals with differing genotypes may respond differently to environmental stimuli, leading to variations in trait expression.
- People with certain genotypes may tan more easily than others due to differences in their melanin production.
DNA Structure and Function
- A gene is a portion of a DNA molecule that specifies a single functional unit.
- The specific location of a DNA sequence within a chromosome is called a locus.
- Different forms of a DNA sequence at a particular locus that vary between individuals are called alleles.
- Long strands of DNA form chromatin within cells.
Epigenetics and Evolution
- Epigenetic variations that may underlie some of the mechanics in developmental plasticity and canalization are referred to as epialleles.
- The process where DNA methylation marks chromatin and self-sustaining metabolic loops are discovered at the organismic level is called epigenetic inheritance.
- The phenomenon of evolving over genes and cannot be explained by the direct agency of the DNA molecule is called epigenetic evolution.
- Ecological inheritance through the process of niche construction is referred to as eco-inheritance.
- The unique combination of DNA sequences that code for genes and are inherited from parents is called a genotype.
- If a mutation occurs within a gene, it can result in altered gene function or expression.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the metabolic reactions and processes that occur in cells to convert chemical energy into ATP through cellular respiration. Explore the vital role of this process in organisms' cells and its impact on energy production.
