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Questions and Answers
In which cellular location does glycolysis occur?
In which cellular location does glycolysis occur?
Which metabolic product is NOT generated during glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?
Which metabolic product is NOT generated during glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?
What are the main outputs of the citric acid cycle from one acetyl CoA?
What are the main outputs of the citric acid cycle from one acetyl CoA?
What is the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase in cellular respiration?
What is the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase in cellular respiration?
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During oxidative phosphorylation, what are the electrons ultimately transferred to?
During oxidative phosphorylation, what are the electrons ultimately transferred to?
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Which of the following correctly represents a redox reaction in cellular respiration?
Which of the following correctly represents a redox reaction in cellular respiration?
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What is the total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose through aerobic respiration?
What is the total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose through aerobic respiration?
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Which cycle is also known as the TCA cycle?
Which cycle is also known as the TCA cycle?
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What is produced during the transition from pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
What is produced during the transition from pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
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What are the electron carriers produced during the citric acid cycle?
What are the electron carriers produced during the citric acid cycle?
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What is the primary purpose of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration?
What is the primary purpose of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration?
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Which of the following accurately describes fermentation?
Which of the following accurately describes fermentation?
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What are the end products of fermentation in lactic acid bacteria?
What are the end products of fermentation in lactic acid bacteria?
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What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
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Which stage of cellular respiration is primarily responsible for the generation of ATP through chemiosmosis?
Which stage of cellular respiration is primarily responsible for the generation of ATP through chemiosmosis?
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Which compound serves as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
Which compound serves as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
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Which of the following correctly describes the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
Which of the following correctly describes the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
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What is a byproduct of the conversion of pyruvate in yeast during fermentation?
What is a byproduct of the conversion of pyruvate in yeast during fermentation?
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What is the immediate result of NADH passing electrons to the electron transport chain?
What is the immediate result of NADH passing electrons to the electron transport chain?
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What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?
What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?
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Which statement about the inner mitochondrial membrane is true?
Which statement about the inner mitochondrial membrane is true?
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What drives ATP synthesis in ATP synthase during chemiosmosis?
What drives ATP synthesis in ATP synthase during chemiosmosis?
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What characterizes the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?
What characterizes the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?
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In the process of pyruvate oxidation, what is produced alongside acetyl CoA?
In the process of pyruvate oxidation, what is produced alongside acetyl CoA?
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In terms of energy production, which of the following pathways is considered the major energy-yielding process in cells?
In terms of energy production, which of the following pathways is considered the major energy-yielding process in cells?
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Which statement accurately summarizes the effects of the electron transport chain?
Which statement accurately summarizes the effects of the electron transport chain?
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Which process describes the conversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and water?
Which process describes the conversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and water?
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During oxidative phosphorylation, what is the final electron acceptor?
During oxidative phosphorylation, what is the final electron acceptor?
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What is the primary metabolic transformation during glycolysis?
What is the primary metabolic transformation during glycolysis?
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What mechanism allows ATP synthase to generate ATP?
What mechanism allows ATP synthase to generate ATP?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration Overview
- Cellular respiration is a process in all eukaryotes involving the breakdown of organic molecules, generating ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
- ATP powers most cellular work. This process occurs in plants and algae and within all eukaryotes
- Light energy captured by photosynthesis in plants and algae makes organic molecules used by all eukaryotes for respiration
- Heat is a byproduct of respiration.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration occurs in a series of steps: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
- Glycolysis (cytosol): Glucose is broken down into pyruvate.
- Pyruvate oxidation (mitochondrial matrix): Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.
- Citric acid cycle (mitochondrial matrix): Acetyl CoA is further broken down, producing CO2 and generating NADH and FADH2.
- Oxidative phosphorylation (inner mitochondrial membrane): Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used in the electron transport chain. This generates a proton gradient to synthesize ATP, This happens with oxygen
- ATP synthesis involves chemiosmosis and a proton-motive force driving the production.
Glycolysis: From Glucose to Pyruvate
- Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
- 1 glucose molecule in— > 2 pyruvate molecules out
- 2 ATP used/ 4 ATP formed = net gain of 2 ATP
- 2 NAD+ converted into 2 NADH + 2H+
Pyruvate Oxidation to Acetyl CoA
- Pyruvate moves from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
- Enzymes called pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyze this oxidative reaction.
- NAD+ is reduced to NADH, and CO2 is released.
- Acetyl CoA is formed from Acetyl CoA is an important intermediate.
Citric Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle or Krebs Cycle)
- Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
- Acetyl CoA enters the cycle.
- 2 CO2 molecules out, 1 ATP molecule, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 generated per cycle
- The cycle repeats until all acetyl groups are processed.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
- The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of proteins that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2. This releases energy to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- A proton gradient forms across the membrane.
- Chemiosmosis: ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to produce ATP from ADP and phosphate.
- Oxidative Phosphorylation produces the majority of ATP from cellular respiration (26-28 ATP)
Outputs of Aerobic Respiration
- Summary table of ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 produced at each stage
- Total of approximately 32 ATP molecules generated per glucose molecule during aerobic respiration.
Other Catabolites Feed into Pathways
- Many molecules- proteins, carbohydrates, and fats - can feed into the cellular respiration pathways.
- Proteins are broken down into amino acids.
- Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose or other sugars.
- Fats are broken down to glycerol and fatty acids.
Fermentation
- When oxygen is absent, cells use fermentation, a process that produces a limited amount of ATP without using the electron transport chain.
- NAD+ is regenerated in fermentation.
- End products include lactic acid (in lactic acid bacteria) or ethanol and CO2 (in yeast).
Electron Transport Chain in Respiration
- Electrons from NADH are passed along a chain of proteins.
- O2 acts as the final electron acceptor- reduced to H20
- Energy released is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
ATP Synthase Generates ATP
- ATP synthase is an enzyme that uses the proton gradient to generate ATP from ADP and phosphate.
- Proton passage drives the rotation of the motor, which catalyzes the phosphorylation process.
- This process transforms potential energy (proton gradient) to chemical energy (ATP).
Summary of Lecture
- Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (Including the Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis, and Fermentation) , are the key processes in cellular respiration
- End products of fermentation include lactate, CO2, ethanol.
Learning Outcomes
- Students should be able to outline the stages of cellular respiration, describe the processes of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle, explain redox reactions, locate oxidative phosphorylation processes, describe how the proton motive force drives ATP synthesis, describe fermentation outcomes.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of cellular respiration, including its importance in eukaryotic organisms and the specific stages involved. From glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, test your understanding of how cells generate energy. Explore the interplay between photosynthesis and respiration as well.
