Cellular Respiration Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

The main purpose of glycolysis is to break down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH in the process.

Describe the transition step that occurs before pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle.

Before entering the Krebs cycle, each pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, releasing one molecule of CO₂ and producing one NADH.

How many ATP are produced during the Krebs cycle for each glucose molecule metabolized?

During the Krebs cycle, 2 ATP are produced for each glucose molecule metabolized.

What role do NADH and FADH₂ play in the Electron Transport Chain?

<p>NADH and FADH₂ donate their high-energy electrons to the protein complexes in the Electron Transport Chain, facilitating ATP production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net gain of ATP during glycolysis?

<p>The net gain of ATP during glycolysis is 2 ATP molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one waste product generated during the Krebs cycle and explain its significance.

<p>One waste product generated during the Krebs cycle is carbon dioxide (CO₂), which is exhaled and indicates the oxidative energy release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is created as a result of the proton gradient established in the Electron Transport Chain?

<p>The proton gradient established in the Electron Transport Chain creates a potential energy difference that drives ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why glycolysis is considered an anaerobic process.

<p>Glycolysis is considered an anaerobic process because it occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen to proceed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

<p>To produce ATP by using electrons from NADH and FADH₂, ultimately transferring them to oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced during the Krebs Cycle per glucose molecule?

<p>2 ATP molecules are produced during the Krebs Cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

<p>Oxygen (O₂) is the final electron acceptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?

<p>The light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What product is released as a byproduct during the light-dependent reactions?

<p>Oxygen (O₂) is released as a byproduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does NADP+ play in photosynthesis?

<p>NADP+ acts as an electron carrier, being reduced to NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of the Calvin Cycle?

<p>The primary outcome is the production of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general equation for photosynthesis?

<p>6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the light-dependent reactions occur in a plant cell?

<p>They occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin Cycle?

<p>The enzyme RuBisCO catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced in the light-dependent reactions besides ATP?

<p>NADPH is produced in addition to ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules can be produced from one glucose molecule through cellular respiration in eukaryotes?

<p>Approximately 36 ATP molecules can be produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ATP synthase during cellular respiration?

<p>ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose into energy primarily in the form of ATP. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.

Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm. It breaks down one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, generating a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

Pyruvate

A 3-carbon molecule produced from the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis. It enters the mitochondria for further processing in the Krebs cycle.

Krebs Cycle

The second stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the mitochondria. It completely oxidizes pyruvate, generating high-energy molecules like NADH, FADH₂, and ATP.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The final stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the mitochondria. It harnesses the energy from NADH and FADH₂ to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process by which ATP is produced in the ETC using the energy from the electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂) to pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy currency of cells. It's produced in cellular respiration and used to power various cellular processes.

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What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

The electron transport chain uses high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane, which is then used to drive the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The main energy currency of cells, used to power cellular processes.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

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Chloroplast

The organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.

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Light-Dependent Reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is converted into chemical energy.

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Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

The second stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts, where CO₂ is converted into glucose using energy from the light-dependent reactions.

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Photon

A particle of light energy.

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Chlorophyll

The green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

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RuBisCO

An enzyme that catalyzes the first step of carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle.

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Carbon Fixation

The process of converting CO₂ from the atmosphere into organic compounds.

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Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

A type of sugar that is the main product of photosynthesis, serving as the primary energy source for plants.

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ATP Synthase

An enzyme that uses the proton gradient to produce ATP from ADP and Pi.

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Study Notes

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration converts glucose (and other molecules) into energy, primarily ATP.
  • It occurs in three stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain.

1. Glycolysis

  • Purpose: Breaks down glucose (6 carbons) into two pyruvate molecules (3 carbons each).
  • Process: Phosphorylation of glucose using 2 ATP, splitting glucose into 3-carbon molecules (G3P), processing G3P to produce pyruvate, forming 4 ATP (net 2 ATP) and 2 NADH.
  • Outcome: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH

2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  • Purpose: Oxidizes pyruvate to create various high-energy molecules.
  • Process: Each pyruvate converts to Acetyl-CoA, releasing CO₂ and NADH. Acetyl-CoA joins oxaloacetate to form citric acid. Citric acid breaks down in a series, releasing 2 CO₂ , generating 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, and 1 ATP (or GTP). Repeats for each pyruvate.
  • Outcome: 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP, 4 CO₂

3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation

  • Purpose: Generates ATP from high-energy electrons carried by NADH and FADH₂.
  • Process: NADH and FADH₂ donate electrons to protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane. Electron transfer pumps protons into the intermembrane space. Protons flow back to the matrix via ATP synthase, producing ATP from ADP and Pi. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, forming water.
  • Outcome: ~34 ATP, Water (H₂O), Oxygen as final electron acceptor.

Overall ATP Production

  • Total ATP per glucose molecule (ideal conditions): 38 (prokaryotes), or 36 (eukaryotes).

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
  • It occurs in two main stages: Light-dependent Reactions and Light-independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle).

1. Light-Dependent Reactions

  • Purpose: Convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
  • Process: Chlorophyll absorbs light, splitting water (photolysis) into O₂, H⁺, and e⁻ (oxygen is a byproduct). Electrons move through an ETC, creating a proton gradient. ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP + Pi. Electrons create NADPH.
  • Outcome: ATP, NADPH, Oxygen

2. Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

  • Purpose: Use ATP and NADPH to convert CO₂ into glucose.
  • Process: CO₂ combines with RuBP (a 5-carbon molecule), forming a 6-carbon compound that breaks down into 3-PGA (3-carbon molecules). ATP and NADPH convert 3-PGA to G3P (another 3-carbon molecule). Remaining G3P regenerates RuBP, enabling continued cycling. Cycle repeats to form a glucose molecule (need 6 CO₂).
  • Outcome: Glucose, other sugars

Overall Equation for Photosynthesis

  • 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Key Points for Photosynthesis

  • Two stages: light-dependent and light-independent.
  • Light-dependent occurs in thylakoid membranes, light-independent in stroma.
  • Glucose production is the main goal.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential processes of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Understand how glucose is converted into ATP, the key intermediates involved, and the overall efficiency of energy production. Test your knowledge on the stages and outcomes of each process.

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