Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
What is the main purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
The main purpose of glycolysis is to break down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH in the process.
Describe the transition step that occurs before pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle.
Describe the transition step that occurs before pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle.
Before entering the Krebs cycle, each pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, releasing one molecule of CO₂ and producing one NADH.
How many ATP are produced during the Krebs cycle for each glucose molecule metabolized?
How many ATP are produced during the Krebs cycle for each glucose molecule metabolized?
During the Krebs cycle, 2 ATP are produced for each glucose molecule metabolized.
What role do NADH and FADH₂ play in the Electron Transport Chain?
What role do NADH and FADH₂ play in the Electron Transport Chain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the net gain of ATP during glycolysis?
What is the net gain of ATP during glycolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Identify one waste product generated during the Krebs cycle and explain its significance.
Identify one waste product generated during the Krebs cycle and explain its significance.
Signup and view all the answers
What is created as a result of the proton gradient established in the Electron Transport Chain?
What is created as a result of the proton gradient established in the Electron Transport Chain?
Signup and view all the answers
Explain why glycolysis is considered an anaerobic process.
Explain why glycolysis is considered an anaerobic process.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
What is the primary purpose of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
How many ATP molecules are produced during the Krebs Cycle per glucose molecule?
How many ATP molecules are produced during the Krebs Cycle per glucose molecule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?
What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What product is released as a byproduct during the light-dependent reactions?
What product is released as a byproduct during the light-dependent reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does NADP+ play in photosynthesis?
What role does NADP+ play in photosynthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary outcome of the Calvin Cycle?
What is the primary outcome of the Calvin Cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the general equation for photosynthesis?
What is the general equation for photosynthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do the light-dependent reactions occur in a plant cell?
Where do the light-dependent reactions occur in a plant cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin Cycle?
What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin Cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is produced in the light-dependent reactions besides ATP?
What is produced in the light-dependent reactions besides ATP?
Signup and view all the answers
How many ATP molecules can be produced from one glucose molecule through cellular respiration in eukaryotes?
How many ATP molecules can be produced from one glucose molecule through cellular respiration in eukaryotes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of ATP synthase during cellular respiration?
What is the function of ATP synthase during cellular respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration converts glucose (and other molecules) into energy, primarily ATP.
- It occurs in three stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain.
1. Glycolysis
- Purpose: Breaks down glucose (6 carbons) into two pyruvate molecules (3 carbons each).
- Process: Phosphorylation of glucose using 2 ATP, splitting glucose into 3-carbon molecules (G3P), processing G3P to produce pyruvate, forming 4 ATP (net 2 ATP) and 2 NADH.
- Outcome: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH
2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
- Purpose: Oxidizes pyruvate to create various high-energy molecules.
- Process: Each pyruvate converts to Acetyl-CoA, releasing CO₂ and NADH. Acetyl-CoA joins oxaloacetate to form citric acid. Citric acid breaks down in a series, releasing 2 CO₂ , generating 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, and 1 ATP (or GTP). Repeats for each pyruvate.
- Outcome: 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP, 4 CO₂
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Purpose: Generates ATP from high-energy electrons carried by NADH and FADH₂.
- Process: NADH and FADH₂ donate electrons to protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane. Electron transfer pumps protons into the intermembrane space. Protons flow back to the matrix via ATP synthase, producing ATP from ADP and Pi. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, forming water.
- Outcome: ~34 ATP, Water (H₂O), Oxygen as final electron acceptor.
Overall ATP Production
- Total ATP per glucose molecule (ideal conditions): 38 (prokaryotes), or 36 (eukaryotes).
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
- It occurs in two main stages: Light-dependent Reactions and Light-independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle).
1. Light-Dependent Reactions
- Purpose: Convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
- Process: Chlorophyll absorbs light, splitting water (photolysis) into O₂, H⁺, and e⁻ (oxygen is a byproduct). Electrons move through an ETC, creating a proton gradient. ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP + Pi. Electrons create NADPH.
- Outcome: ATP, NADPH, Oxygen
2. Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
- Purpose: Use ATP and NADPH to convert CO₂ into glucose.
- Process: CO₂ combines with RuBP (a 5-carbon molecule), forming a 6-carbon compound that breaks down into 3-PGA (3-carbon molecules). ATP and NADPH convert 3-PGA to G3P (another 3-carbon molecule). Remaining G3P regenerates RuBP, enabling continued cycling. Cycle repeats to form a glucose molecule (need 6 CO₂).
- Outcome: Glucose, other sugars
Overall Equation for Photosynthesis
- 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Key Points for Photosynthesis
- Two stages: light-dependent and light-independent.
- Light-dependent occurs in thylakoid membranes, light-independent in stroma.
- Glucose production is the main goal.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the essential processes of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Understand how glucose is converted into ATP, the key intermediates involved, and the overall efficiency of energy production. Test your knowledge on the stages and outcomes of each process.
