Biology Chapter 8 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is how we derive energy from the food we eat?

Cellular respiration

ATP consists of a ____ sugar, a ____ base and three phosphates.

ribose, nitrogenous

For every glucose molecule entering respiration, how many ATP are produced?

38

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

<p>Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of respiration is anaerobic?

<p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of glycolysis?

<p>4 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you need to put into glycolysis to obtain the products?

<p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net yield of ATP from glycolysis?

<p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the by-products of cellular respiration?

<p>6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What goes into cellular respiration?

<p>C6H12O6 + 6 O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

(Per 2 pyruvate entering) what are the products of the Krebs cycle?

<p>2 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ joins with acetyl-CoA to form citric acid in the Krebs cycle.

<p>Oxaloacetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

<p>The mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis take place?

<p>The cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the electron transport chain of cellular respiration take place?

<p>The cristae of the mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is ____.

<p>An oxygen atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ETC produces how many ATP?

<p>34</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each NADH molecule from the Krebs cycle produces how many ATP?

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ allows protons to cross membranes during the ETC, providing the energy needed to phosphorylate ADP into ATP.

<p>ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role is played by the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?

<p>To take energy from high-energy electrons and pump hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the reactions of mitochondria of a green plant were completely inhibited, what process would immediately be reduced?

<p>ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotes, during the process of chemiosmosis, ATP is produced as hydrogen ions move from __________ to __________, passing through __________.

<p>The intermembrane compartment; the matrix; ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the fermentation of sugar by yeast in bread dough that is essential for the rising of the dough?

<p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the end of glycolysis and the beginning of cellular respiration?

<p>The production of pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway produces the most ATP per glucose molecule?

<p>Cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

The overall equation for glucose metabolism is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP and heat. The carbon atoms in the CO2 molecules in this equation come from __________ during reactions of __________.

<p>C6H12O6; the Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

In aerobic organisms growing in the presence of oxygen, what does the NADH produced by glycolysis ultimately donate its high-energy electrons to?

<p>Electron transport chains in the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotic cells, the enzymes for the Krebs cycle are located in the __________, and those for the electron transport system are located in the __________.

<p>Mitochondrial matrix; inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules are produced in glycolysis and used in fermentation?

<p>Pyruvate and NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

The energy-harvesting reactions of glycolysis produce four molecules of __________, two molecules of __________, and two molecules of __________.

<p>ATP; NADH; pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotic cells, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is transported into the mitochondrial matrix, where __________.

<p>Enzymes for the Krebs cycle break down the pyruvate, producing CO2 as a waste product</p> Signup and view all the answers

What products of the Krebs cycle feed the electron transport chain?

<p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycolysis can be broken down into what two parts?

<p>Energy-investing and energy-harvesting</p> Signup and view all the answers

When glucose goes through glycolysis and all the way through the Krebs cycle, what is the fate of the six carbon molecules of glucose?

<p>They become carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis and glucose metabolism are related because __________.

<p>The products of photosynthesis are the raw materials for glucose metabolism, and the products of glucose metabolism are the raw materials for photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final fate of oxygen that is breathed in during respiration and used in cellular respiration?

<p>Oxygen is converted to H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

The overall equation for glucose metabolism is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP and heat. The carbon atoms in the CO2 molecules in this equation come from __________ during reactions of __________.

<p>C6H12O6; the Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chemiosmosis?

<p>It is the process by which energy is used to generate a concentration gradient of H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to invest two ATP molecules during the first stage of glycolysis?

<p>Energy from ATP is used to break a six carbon sugar into two three carbon ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

<p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP are produced each time the Krebs cycle works?

<p>One ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cells recycle NADH back to NAD+ during fermentation?

<p>By converting pyruvate to lactic acid or to ethanol and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of coenzyme A (CoA) in cellular respiration?

<p>A carrier molecule for an acetyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

If glucose provides the major source of energy burned through glycolysis and cellular respiration, how do we use fats as an energy source?

<p>Fatty acids combine with Coenzyme A to form many Acetyl-CoA compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chemical pathway extracts energy from sugars?

<p>Glycolysis and cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the six CO2 molecules created that were derived from glucose?

<p>During the conversions of pyruvate to an acetyl group, isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, and to alpha-ketoglutarate to succinate</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do we create fat for storage?

<p>During the conversions of pyruvate to an acetyl group, isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, and to alpha-ketoglutarate to succinate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net gain of ATP molecules that can be produced from the breakdown of glucose?

<p>36</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much ATP does a person produce and regenerate every day?

<p>Approximately equivalent to their body weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NAD+ in glycolysis?

<p>NAD+ molecules accept high-energy electrons and carry for energy extraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which chemical reactions is ATP made during glycolysis?

<p>1,3-bisphosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate &amp; 2-phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is most of the energy extracted from the molecules going through the Krebs cycle?

<p>Through high-energy electrons attaching to NAD+ and FAD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Respiration Overview

  • Cellular respiration is the process of deriving energy from food, specifically glucose.
  • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and three phosphates.

ATP Production

  • A total of 38 ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration.
  • Glycolysis produces a net yield of 2 ATP by consuming 2 ATP, resulting in a total production of 4 ATP.

Stages of Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration consists of three main stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain (ETC).
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and is anaerobic (does not require oxygen).
  • The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrion, while the electron transport chain takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae).

Glycolysis

  • Glycolysis produces 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH.
  • The end product of glycolysis, pyruvate, marks the transition to the Krebs cycle.
  • Energy-harvesting reactions within glycolysis yield four ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvate, but have a net gain of only 2 ATP due to initial consumption.

Krebs Cycle

  • Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2 for every 2 pyruvate.
  • The cycle starts with oxaloacetic acid joining with acetyl-CoA to form citric acid.
  • Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product during the Krebs cycle.

Electron Transport Chain

  • The ETC utilizes electrons from NADH and FADH2 to pump hydrogen ions, creating a concentration gradient across the membrane.
  • ATP synthase allows the flow of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix, leading to ATP production, yielding 34 ATP from the ETC.
  • The final electron acceptor in the chain is an oxygen atom, which is converted into water.

By-products and Inputs

  • By-products of cellular respiration include carbon dioxide (6 CO2), water (6 H2O), and energy (ATP).
  • Inputs for cellular respiration are glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (6 O2).

Fermentation

  • Fermentation allows glycolysis to proceed in anaerobic conditions, producing CO2 as a critical by-product for processes like bread rising.
  • Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis are utilized in fermentation processes.

Energy Use and Production

  • In eukaryotes, the enzymes for the Krebs cycle are found in the mitochondrial matrix, while those for the ETC are in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • NADH generated in glycolysis donates its high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

Relationship with Photosynthesis

  • The products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) serve as the raw materials for glucose metabolism, while glucose metabolism produces CO2 and water, which are the raw materials for photosynthesis.

Energy Yield from Glucose

  • The overall chemical equation for glucose metabolism sums up to C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP and heat.
  • During one complete glucose metabolism, a maximum of 36 ATP can be produced.
  • Daily ATP production in a person is roughly equivalent to their body weight, highlighting the efficiency and importance of cellular respiration.

Coenzyme A and Energy Storage

  • Coenzyme A (CoA) plays a crucial role as a carrier molecule for acetyl groups in cellular respiration.
  • Fatty acids can also enter cellular respiration by combining with CoA to form acetyl-CoA.

Recycling NADH

  • NADH is recycled back to NAD+ during fermentation by converting pyruvate to lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide, maintaining cellular metabolic processes.

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Test your knowledge on cellular respiration with these flashcards from Chapter 8 of your biology textbook. Each card challenges you with key terms and definitions related to how we obtain energy from food and the stages involved in the process.

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