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Questions and Answers
What is how we derive energy from the food we eat?
What is how we derive energy from the food we eat?
Cellular respiration
ATP consists of a ____ sugar, a ____ base and three phosphates.
ATP consists of a ____ sugar, a ____ base and three phosphates.
ribose, nitrogenous
For every glucose molecule entering respiration, how many ATP are produced?
For every glucose molecule entering respiration, how many ATP are produced?
38
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
Which stage of respiration is anaerobic?
Which stage of respiration is anaerobic?
What are the products of glycolysis?
What are the products of glycolysis?
What do you need to put into glycolysis to obtain the products?
What do you need to put into glycolysis to obtain the products?
What is the net yield of ATP from glycolysis?
What is the net yield of ATP from glycolysis?
What are the by-products of cellular respiration?
What are the by-products of cellular respiration?
What goes into cellular respiration?
What goes into cellular respiration?
(Per 2 pyruvate entering) what are the products of the Krebs cycle?
(Per 2 pyruvate entering) what are the products of the Krebs cycle?
_____ joins with acetyl-CoA to form citric acid in the Krebs cycle.
_____ joins with acetyl-CoA to form citric acid in the Krebs cycle.
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
Where does glycolysis take place?
Where does glycolysis take place?
Where does the electron transport chain of cellular respiration take place?
Where does the electron transport chain of cellular respiration take place?
In cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is ____.
In cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is ____.
The ETC produces how many ATP?
The ETC produces how many ATP?
Each NADH molecule from the Krebs cycle produces how many ATP?
Each NADH molecule from the Krebs cycle produces how many ATP?
______ allows protons to cross membranes during the ETC, providing the energy needed to phosphorylate ADP into ATP.
______ allows protons to cross membranes during the ETC, providing the energy needed to phosphorylate ADP into ATP.
What role is played by the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?
What role is played by the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?
If the reactions of mitochondria of a green plant were completely inhibited, what process would immediately be reduced?
If the reactions of mitochondria of a green plant were completely inhibited, what process would immediately be reduced?
In eukaryotes, during the process of chemiosmosis, ATP is produced as hydrogen ions move from __________ to __________, passing through __________.
In eukaryotes, during the process of chemiosmosis, ATP is produced as hydrogen ions move from __________ to __________, passing through __________.
What is the product of the fermentation of sugar by yeast in bread dough that is essential for the rising of the dough?
What is the product of the fermentation of sugar by yeast in bread dough that is essential for the rising of the dough?
What marks the end of glycolysis and the beginning of cellular respiration?
What marks the end of glycolysis and the beginning of cellular respiration?
Which pathway produces the most ATP per glucose molecule?
Which pathway produces the most ATP per glucose molecule?
The overall equation for glucose metabolism is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP and heat. The carbon atoms in the CO2 molecules in this equation come from __________ during reactions of __________.
The overall equation for glucose metabolism is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP and heat. The carbon atoms in the CO2 molecules in this equation come from __________ during reactions of __________.
In aerobic organisms growing in the presence of oxygen, what does the NADH produced by glycolysis ultimately donate its high-energy electrons to?
In aerobic organisms growing in the presence of oxygen, what does the NADH produced by glycolysis ultimately donate its high-energy electrons to?
In eukaryotic cells, the enzymes for the Krebs cycle are located in the __________, and those for the electron transport system are located in the __________.
In eukaryotic cells, the enzymes for the Krebs cycle are located in the __________, and those for the electron transport system are located in the __________.
Which molecules are produced in glycolysis and used in fermentation?
Which molecules are produced in glycolysis and used in fermentation?
The energy-harvesting reactions of glycolysis produce four molecules of __________, two molecules of __________, and two molecules of __________.
The energy-harvesting reactions of glycolysis produce four molecules of __________, two molecules of __________, and two molecules of __________.
In eukaryotic cells, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is transported into the mitochondrial matrix, where __________.
In eukaryotic cells, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is transported into the mitochondrial matrix, where __________.
What products of the Krebs cycle feed the electron transport chain?
What products of the Krebs cycle feed the electron transport chain?
Glycolysis can be broken down into what two parts?
Glycolysis can be broken down into what two parts?
When glucose goes through glycolysis and all the way through the Krebs cycle, what is the fate of the six carbon molecules of glucose?
When glucose goes through glycolysis and all the way through the Krebs cycle, what is the fate of the six carbon molecules of glucose?
Photosynthesis and glucose metabolism are related because __________.
Photosynthesis and glucose metabolism are related because __________.
What is the final fate of oxygen that is breathed in during respiration and used in cellular respiration?
What is the final fate of oxygen that is breathed in during respiration and used in cellular respiration?
The overall equation for glucose metabolism is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP and heat. The carbon atoms in the CO2 molecules in this equation come from __________ during reactions of __________.
The overall equation for glucose metabolism is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP and heat. The carbon atoms in the CO2 molecules in this equation come from __________ during reactions of __________.
What is chemiosmosis?
What is chemiosmosis?
Why is it necessary to invest two ATP molecules during the first stage of glycolysis?
Why is it necessary to invest two ATP molecules during the first stage of glycolysis?
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
How many ATP are produced each time the Krebs cycle works?
How many ATP are produced each time the Krebs cycle works?
How do cells recycle NADH back to NAD+ during fermentation?
How do cells recycle NADH back to NAD+ during fermentation?
What is the role of coenzyme A (CoA) in cellular respiration?
What is the role of coenzyme A (CoA) in cellular respiration?
If glucose provides the major source of energy burned through glycolysis and cellular respiration, how do we use fats as an energy source?
If glucose provides the major source of energy burned through glycolysis and cellular respiration, how do we use fats as an energy source?
What chemical pathway extracts energy from sugars?
What chemical pathway extracts energy from sugars?
Where are the six CO2 molecules created that were derived from glucose?
Where are the six CO2 molecules created that were derived from glucose?
How do we create fat for storage?
How do we create fat for storage?
What is the net gain of ATP molecules that can be produced from the breakdown of glucose?
What is the net gain of ATP molecules that can be produced from the breakdown of glucose?
How much ATP does a person produce and regenerate every day?
How much ATP does a person produce and regenerate every day?
What is the role of NAD+ in glycolysis?
What is the role of NAD+ in glycolysis?
During which chemical reactions is ATP made during glycolysis?
During which chemical reactions is ATP made during glycolysis?
How is most of the energy extracted from the molecules going through the Krebs cycle?
How is most of the energy extracted from the molecules going through the Krebs cycle?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration Overview
- Cellular respiration is the process of deriving energy from food, specifically glucose.
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and three phosphates.
ATP Production
- A total of 38 ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration.
- Glycolysis produces a net yield of 2 ATP by consuming 2 ATP, resulting in a total production of 4 ATP.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration consists of three main stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain (ETC).
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and is anaerobic (does not require oxygen).
- The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrion, while the electron transport chain takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae).
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis produces 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH.
- The end product of glycolysis, pyruvate, marks the transition to the Krebs cycle.
- Energy-harvesting reactions within glycolysis yield four ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvate, but have a net gain of only 2 ATP due to initial consumption.
Krebs Cycle
- Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2 for every 2 pyruvate.
- The cycle starts with oxaloacetic acid joining with acetyl-CoA to form citric acid.
- Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product during the Krebs cycle.
Electron Transport Chain
- The ETC utilizes electrons from NADH and FADH2 to pump hydrogen ions, creating a concentration gradient across the membrane.
- ATP synthase allows the flow of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix, leading to ATP production, yielding 34 ATP from the ETC.
- The final electron acceptor in the chain is an oxygen atom, which is converted into water.
By-products and Inputs
- By-products of cellular respiration include carbon dioxide (6 CO2), water (6 H2O), and energy (ATP).
- Inputs for cellular respiration are glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (6 O2).
Fermentation
- Fermentation allows glycolysis to proceed in anaerobic conditions, producing CO2 as a critical by-product for processes like bread rising.
- Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis are utilized in fermentation processes.
Energy Use and Production
- In eukaryotes, the enzymes for the Krebs cycle are found in the mitochondrial matrix, while those for the ETC are in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- NADH generated in glycolysis donates its high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
Relationship with Photosynthesis
- The products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) serve as the raw materials for glucose metabolism, while glucose metabolism produces CO2 and water, which are the raw materials for photosynthesis.
Energy Yield from Glucose
- The overall chemical equation for glucose metabolism sums up to C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP and heat.
- During one complete glucose metabolism, a maximum of 36 ATP can be produced.
- Daily ATP production in a person is roughly equivalent to their body weight, highlighting the efficiency and importance of cellular respiration.
Coenzyme A and Energy Storage
- Coenzyme A (CoA) plays a crucial role as a carrier molecule for acetyl groups in cellular respiration.
- Fatty acids can also enter cellular respiration by combining with CoA to form acetyl-CoA.
Recycling NADH
- NADH is recycled back to NAD+ during fermentation by converting pyruvate to lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide, maintaining cellular metabolic processes.
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