Questions and Answers
What molecule is considered the universal energy currency in biological systems?
ATP
Where does the electron transport chain occur in eukaryotic cells?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of ADP to ATP during oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP synthase
During which stage of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide produced?
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What is the primary source of energy for muscle contraction during short bursts of intense activity?
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Which metabolic pathway occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen?
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What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?
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Which molecule is regenerated at the end of the Krebs cycle to continue the cycle?
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What is the final product of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions in animal cells?
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Which process involves the breakdown of fatty acids to produce acetyl-CoA molecules?
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Study Notes
Energy Currency and Cellular Respiration
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is considered the universal energy currency in biological systems.
Electron Transport Chain
- In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondria.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of ADP to ATP during oxidative phosphorylation is ATP synthase.
Carbon Dioxide Production
- Carbon dioxide is produced during the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) stage of cellular respiration.
Muscle Contraction
- The primary source of energy for muscle contraction during short bursts of intense activity is ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr).
Metabolic Pathways
- Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.
ATP Production
- The net gain of ATP molecules produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration is 36-38 ATP.
Krebs Cycle
- Coenzyme A (CoA) is regenerated at the end of the Krebs cycle to continue the cycle.
Anaerobic Conditions
- Under anaerobic conditions in animal cells, the final product of glycolysis is lactate.
Fatty Acid Breakdown
- Beta-oxidation is the process that involves the breakdown of fatty acids to produce acetyl-CoA molecules.
