The Cell WK3 - Metabolic pathways and energy conversion
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Questions and Answers

During glycolysis, what is the product of the cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?

  • One 2-carbon fragment
  • One 6-carbon fragment
  • Two 4-carbon fragments
  • Two 3-carbon fragments (correct)

    • Which enzymes are the main sites of allosteric regulation in gluconeogenesis?

  • Pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase
  • Only the enzymes in the citric acid cycle
  • All the enzymes in the glycolytic pathway
  • Two of the four bypass enzymes (correct)

    • In which reaction is ATP harvested during glycolysis?

  • Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
  • Oxidation of 3-carbon fragments to pyruvate (correct)
  • Cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon fragments
  • Conversion of glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

    • How do cells take up free fatty acids from their extracellular environment?

    <p>With the help of specific transporter proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the link reaction in aerobic oxidation of glucose and fatty acids?

    <p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does chemiosmosis take place in eukaryotes?

    <p>In the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electron carriers in the electron transport chain?

    <p>To transport electrons during oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for generating energy from lipid to carbohydrate breakdown?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplasts?

    <p>Converting solar energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which energy is converted from chemical energy or sunlight to ATP?

    <p>Energy Conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts?

    <p>Electron-transport processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the internal space enclosed by the chloroplast membrane?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria in cellular respiration?

    <p>Aerobic oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of chloroplasts comparable to?

    <p>A bacterial cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids to Acetyl CoA occur?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria?

    <p>ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inner membrane in the mitochondria?

    <p>Electron transport and ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the conversion of ATP to ADP?

    <p>Energetically unfavourable process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the porins in the outer membrane of the mitochondria?

    <p>To allow the free diffusion of small molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the citric acid cycle also known as?

    <p>Krebs cycle and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the matrix in the mitochondria?

    <p>Site of central reactions of oxidative metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes generates NADH and FADH2 for the respiratory chain?

    <p>Citric acid cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of the electron transport chain that drives ATP synthesis?

    <p>An electrochemical proton gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main energy-releasing reactions in eukaryotes?

    <p>Aerobic oxidation and photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does mitochondrial oxidation begin?

    <p>In the mitochondrial matrix space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the overall reactions of glycolysis and the Calvin cycle?

    <p>Opposite directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the rapid conversion of ADP to ATP in mitochondria?

    <p>A high ratio of ATP to ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many nucleotides are in the human mitochondrial genome?

    <p>16,500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the inheritance of mitochondria?

    <p>They are inherited only through the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genes are contained in chloroplast genomes?

    <p>120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metabolic activities take place in specialized compartments called _______________

    <p>organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria and Chloroplast are devoted to _______________ metabolism and ATP production

    <p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondrion generate energy from lipid to _______________ breakdown

    <p>carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroplasts use energy captured by _______________ to generate energy ATP

    <p>sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human mitochondrial genome contains about _______________ nucleotides

    <p>16,500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroplasts are found in _______________ cells

    <p>plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electron-transport processes occur in the _______________ membrane

    <p>thylakoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The internal space enclosed by the chloroplast membrane is called the _______________

    <p>stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aerobic oxidation (aerobic respiration) is conducted in _______________

    <p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Photosynthesis is conducted in _______________ of plants

    <p>chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are also important direct and indirect sources of ______________________ production

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both organelles contain two ______________________ compartments

    <p>Internal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondrial oxidation begins when large amounts of acetyl CoA are produced in the ______________________ space from fatty acids and pyruvate

    <p>matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondrial organisation involves the localisation of metabolic functions within the _______________

    <p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The citric acid cycle (TCA / Kreb cycle) oxidizes the acetyl group on acetyl CoA to generate ______________________ and FADH2 for the respiratory chain

    <p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrons are transferred from NADH to oxygen through ______________________ respiratory enzyme complexes

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer membrane is responsible for __________________ synthesis

    <p>Phospholipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______________________ process converts oxidation energy into ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane

    <p>chemiosmotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electron transport and proton translocation for ATP synthesis occur in the _______________

    <p>Inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The citric acid cycle and β-oxidation of fats occur in the _______________

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rapid conversion of ADP to ATP in mitochondria maintains a high ratio of ______________________ to ADP in cells

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria are found in most ______________________ cells

    <p>Eukaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mitochondrial genetic system is found in the _______________

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The surface area of the inner membrane is substantially increased by folding into _______________

    <p>cristae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria are inherited only through the ______________________

    <p>Mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human mitochondrial genome contains about ______________________ nucleotides

    <p>16,500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner membrane is essentially impermeable to most __________________ and small molecules

    <p>ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer membrane is highly permeable to __________________ molecules

    <p>small</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Integral transmembrane channel proteins (porins) allow the free diffusion of __________________ molecules in the outer membrane

    <p>small</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids to Acetyl CoA occurs in the _______________

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Mitochondria and Chloroplast in cellular metabolism?

    <p>Mitochondria and Chloroplast are devoted to energy metabolism and ATP production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Chloroplasts utilize energy from sunlight?

    <p>Chloroplasts use energy captured by sunlight to generate energy ATP and the reducing power needed to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thylakoid membrane in Chloroplasts?

    <p>Electron-transport processes occur in the thylakoid membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the internal space enclosed by the Chloroplast membrane?

    <p>The internal space enclosed by the Chloroplast membrane is called the stroma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many nucleotides are in the human mitochondrial genome?

    <p>The human mitochondrial genome contains about 16,500 nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Mitochondria in cellular respiration?

    <p>Mitochondria generate energy from lipid to carbohydrate breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Chloroplasts in plant cells?

    <p>Chloroplasts provide energy by converting solar energy into chemical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the electron transport chain in Mitochondria?

    <p>The electron transport chain generates ATP from the energy released during aerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the conversion of ATP to ADP in Mitochondria?

    <p>The result of the conversion of ATP to ADP is the release of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the inheritance of Mitochondria?

    <p>Mitochondria have a unique feature of inheritance, as they have their own DNA and replicate independently of the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which mitochondrial compartment does fatty acid desaturation occur?

    <p>Outer membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the matrix in mitochondria?

    <p>Site of pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, ATP synthesis, and β-oxidation of fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inner membrane in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Site of electron transport, proton translocation, and ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of porins in the outer mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>Allowing free diffusion of small molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which compartment does DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur in mitochondria?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria?

    <p>Generation of a proton gradient, leading to ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of ATP synthesis in mitochondria?

    <p>Inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the citric acid cycle in mitochondria?

    <p>Oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2, generating NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the mitochondrial outer membrane?

    <p>Permeable to small molecules, allowing for phospholipid synthesis and fatty acid desaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of β-oxidation of fats in mitochondria?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle in the process of aerobic oxidation?

    <p>To generate NADH and FADH2 for the respiratory chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the mitochondrial matrix in terms of its contents and functions?

    <p>It contains enzymes, DNA, mRNA, and ribosomes, and is the site of the citric acid cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the reactions of glycolysis and the Calvin cycle compare in terms of their overall direction and function?

    <p>They are reverse reactions, with glycolysis being catabolic and the Calvin cycle being anabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in the process of ATP production?

    <p>It is the site of chemiosmosis, where oxidation energy is converted into ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the inheritance of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>They are inherited only through the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the human mitochondrial genome in terms of its size and gene content?

    <p>It contains about 16,500 nucleotides and encodes 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and 13 different polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes compare in terms of their size and gene content?

    <p>Chloroplast genomes are about 10 times larger and contain ~120 genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and how do they achieve this function?

    <p>To generate energy for the cell through aerobic oxidation, which is achieved through the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the respiratory chain in the process of ATP production?

    <p>It is the site of electron transport, where energy is released and used to generate ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the processes of aerobic oxidation and photosynthesis relate to each other in terms of their overall function and direction?

    <p>They are reverse reactions, with aerobic oxidation being the process of energy release and photosynthesis being the process of energy capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

    <p>To generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is ATP converted to ADP?

    <p>Through substrate-level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the conversion of ATP to ADP an unfavourable reaction?

    <p>Because it releases energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the proton pump and ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

    <p>The proton pump creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, driving the production of ATP through ATP synthase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main stages in Proton pump and ATP synthase?

    <p>Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stage 1 of glycolysis?

    <p>Glucose phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the steps involved in Stage 2 of glycolysis, including the formation of a 3-carbon fragment?

    <p>Phosphoglucose isomerase converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate and then aldolase converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis regulated in a reciprocal manner?

    <p>Because they are mutually opposing pathways, and reciprocal regulation ensures that one pathway is active when the other is inhibited, preventing futile energy cycles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, among others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzymes are unique to gluconeogenesis in allosteric regulation?

    <p>Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fatty acid oxidation?

    <p>The process by which fatty acids are broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of fatty acid oxidation?

    <p>Beta oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of anaerobic oxidation of glucose?

    <p>lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall reaction in aerobic respiration?

    <p>C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages in order for aerobic respiration?

    <p>Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Complex 1 of metabolic pathways, what happens?

    <p>Electrons are passed through a series of electron carriers, resulting in the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Complex III in metabolic pathways?

    <p>Pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Complex IV in metabolic pathways?

    <p>Cytochrome c oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP synthase in metabolic pathways?

    <p>To generate ATP from the energy released during oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    what electron carriers are involved?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What electron carriers are involved in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the link reaction?

    <p>The link reaction is the process by which the electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through a series of electron transport chains, generating a proton gradient that drives the production of ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Metabolic Organelles

    • Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are specialized compartments for energy metabolism and ATP production.
    • Mitochondria generate energy from lipid to carbohydrate breakdown.
    • Chloroplasts use energy captured by sunlight to generate ATP and reducing power for synthesizing carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O.

    Properties and Functions of Chloroplasts

    • Found in plant cells.
    • Comparable in size to a whole bacterial cell.
    • Provides energy by converting solar energy into chemical energy.
    • Generates ATP to convert CO2 to sugar.
    • Electron-transport processes occur in the thylakoid membrane.
    • Stroma is an internal space enclosed by membranes.
    • CHO and other chloroplast products are exported to the cell cytosol.

    Energy Conversion in Mitochondria and Chloroplast

    • ATP is generated from chemical energy or sunlight.
    • Two processes are primarily responsible for the conversion: aerobic oxidation (aerobic respiration) and photosynthesis.
    • Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are also important direct and indirect sources of ATP production.
    • Both organelles contain two internal compartments.
    • Mitochondrial oxidation begins with the production of acetyl CoA in the matrix space from fatty acids and pyruvate.

    Aerobic Oxidation and Photosynthesis

    • Despite the diversity of life, many basic structures and life processes are variations on a common theme.
    • Aerobic oxidation and photosynthesis are the two most important energy reactions in eukaryotes.
    • Glycolysis is catabolic, and the Calvin cycle is anabolic.
    • The overall reactions are the reverse of each other.

    Properties and Functions of Mitochondria

    • Found in most eukaryotic cells.
    • Comparable in size to a whole bacterial cell.
    • Site of aerobic respiration and energy production.
    • Surrounded by two membranes.
    • Matrix contains enzymes, DNA, mRNA, and ribosomes.
    • Mitochondria are inherited only through the mother.

    Mitochondrial Organisation

    • Localisation of metabolic functions within the mitochondria.
    • Membrane or compartment:
      • Outer membrane: phospholipid synthesis, fatty acid desaturation, and fatty acid elongation.
      • Inner membrane: electron transport, proton translocation for ATP synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate import, fatty acyl CoA import, and metabolite transport.
      • Matrix: pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, ATP synthesis, β-oxidation of fats, DNA replication, RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis.

    Metabolic Organelles

    • Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are specialized compartments for energy metabolism and ATP production.
    • Mitochondria generate energy from lipid to carbohydrate breakdown.
    • Chloroplasts use energy captured by sunlight to generate ATP and reducing power for synthesizing carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O.

    Properties and Functions of Chloroplasts

    • Found in plant cells.
    • Comparable in size to a whole bacterial cell.
    • Provides energy by converting solar energy into chemical energy.
    • Generates ATP to convert CO2 to sugar.
    • Electron-transport processes occur in the thylakoid membrane.
    • Stroma is an internal space enclosed by membranes.
    • CHO and other chloroplast products are exported to the cell cytosol.

    Energy Conversion in Mitochondria and Chloroplast

    • ATP is generated from chemical energy or sunlight.
    • Two processes are primarily responsible for the conversion: aerobic oxidation (aerobic respiration) and photosynthesis.
    • Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are also important direct and indirect sources of ATP production.
    • Both organelles contain two internal compartments.
    • Mitochondrial oxidation begins with the production of acetyl CoA in the matrix space from fatty acids and pyruvate.

    Aerobic Oxidation and Photosynthesis

    • Despite the diversity of life, many basic structures and life processes are variations on a common theme.
    • Aerobic oxidation and photosynthesis are the two most important energy reactions in eukaryotes.
    • Glycolysis is catabolic, and the Calvin cycle is anabolic.
    • The overall reactions are the reverse of each other.

    Properties and Functions of Mitochondria

    • Found in most eukaryotic cells.
    • Comparable in size to a whole bacterial cell.
    • Site of aerobic respiration and energy production.
    • Surrounded by two membranes.
    • Matrix contains enzymes, DNA, mRNA, and ribosomes.
    • Mitochondria are inherited only through the mother.

    Mitochondrial Organisation

    • Localisation of metabolic functions within the mitochondria.
    • Membrane or compartment:
      • Outer membrane: phospholipid synthesis, fatty acid desaturation, and fatty acid elongation.
      • Inner membrane: electron transport, proton translocation for ATP synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate import, fatty acyl CoA import, and metabolite transport.
      • Matrix: pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, ATP synthesis, β-oxidation of fats, DNA replication, RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis.

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