Podcast
Questions and Answers
During glycolysis, what is the product of the cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?
During glycolysis, what is the product of the cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?
- One 2-carbon fragment
- One 6-carbon fragment
- Two 4-carbon fragments
- Two 3-carbon fragments (correct)
Which enzymes are the main sites of allosteric regulation in gluconeogenesis?
Which enzymes are the main sites of allosteric regulation in gluconeogenesis?
- Pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase
- Only the enzymes in the citric acid cycle
- All the enzymes in the glycolytic pathway
- Two of the four bypass enzymes (correct)
In which reaction is ATP harvested during glycolysis?
In which reaction is ATP harvested during glycolysis?
- Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
- Oxidation of 3-carbon fragments to pyruvate (correct)
- Cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon fragments
- Conversion of glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
How do cells take up free fatty acids from their extracellular environment?
How do cells take up free fatty acids from their extracellular environment?
What is the product of the link reaction in aerobic oxidation of glucose and fatty acids?
What is the product of the link reaction in aerobic oxidation of glucose and fatty acids?
Where does chemiosmosis take place in eukaryotes?
Where does chemiosmosis take place in eukaryotes?
What is the role of electron carriers in the electron transport chain?
What is the role of electron carriers in the electron transport chain?
Which organelle is responsible for generating energy from lipid to carbohydrate breakdown?
Which organelle is responsible for generating energy from lipid to carbohydrate breakdown?
What is the primary function of chloroplasts?
What is the primary function of chloroplasts?
What is the process by which energy is converted from chemical energy or sunlight to ATP?
What is the process by which energy is converted from chemical energy or sunlight to ATP?
Which process occurs in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts?
Which process occurs in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts?
What is the internal space enclosed by the chloroplast membrane?
What is the internal space enclosed by the chloroplast membrane?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in cellular respiration?
What is the size of chloroplasts comparable to?
What is the size of chloroplasts comparable to?
Where does the conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids to Acetyl CoA occur?
Where does the conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids to Acetyl CoA occur?
What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria?
What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria?
What is the role of the inner membrane in the mitochondria?
What is the role of the inner membrane in the mitochondria?
What is the result of the conversion of ATP to ADP?
What is the result of the conversion of ATP to ADP?
What is the function of the porins in the outer membrane of the mitochondria?
What is the function of the porins in the outer membrane of the mitochondria?
What is the citric acid cycle also known as?
What is the citric acid cycle also known as?
What is the primary function of the matrix in the mitochondria?
What is the primary function of the matrix in the mitochondria?
Which of the following processes generates NADH and FADH2 for the respiratory chain?
Which of the following processes generates NADH and FADH2 for the respiratory chain?
What is the byproduct of the electron transport chain that drives ATP synthesis?
What is the byproduct of the electron transport chain that drives ATP synthesis?
What are the two main energy-releasing reactions in eukaryotes?
What are the two main energy-releasing reactions in eukaryotes?
Where does mitochondrial oxidation begin?
Where does mitochondrial oxidation begin?
What is the direction of the overall reactions of glycolysis and the Calvin cycle?
What is the direction of the overall reactions of glycolysis and the Calvin cycle?
What is the result of the rapid conversion of ADP to ATP in mitochondria?
What is the result of the rapid conversion of ADP to ATP in mitochondria?
How many nucleotides are in the human mitochondrial genome?
How many nucleotides are in the human mitochondrial genome?
What is unique about the inheritance of mitochondria?
What is unique about the inheritance of mitochondria?
How many genes are contained in chloroplast genomes?
How many genes are contained in chloroplast genomes?
Metabolic activities take place in specialized compartments called _______________
Metabolic activities take place in specialized compartments called _______________
Mitochondria and Chloroplast are devoted to _______________ metabolism and ATP production
Mitochondria and Chloroplast are devoted to _______________ metabolism and ATP production
Mitochondrion generate energy from lipid to _______________ breakdown
Mitochondrion generate energy from lipid to _______________ breakdown
Chloroplasts use energy captured by _______________ to generate energy ATP
Chloroplasts use energy captured by _______________ to generate energy ATP
The human mitochondrial genome contains about _______________ nucleotides
The human mitochondrial genome contains about _______________ nucleotides
Chloroplasts are found in _______________ cells
Chloroplasts are found in _______________ cells
Electron-transport processes occur in the _______________ membrane
Electron-transport processes occur in the _______________ membrane
The internal space enclosed by the chloroplast membrane is called the _______________
The internal space enclosed by the chloroplast membrane is called the _______________
Aerobic oxidation (aerobic respiration) is conducted in _______________
Aerobic oxidation (aerobic respiration) is conducted in _______________
Photosynthesis is conducted in _______________ of plants
Photosynthesis is conducted in _______________ of plants
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are also important direct and indirect sources of ______________________ production
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are also important direct and indirect sources of ______________________ production
Both organelles contain two ______________________ compartments
Both organelles contain two ______________________ compartments
Mitochondrial oxidation begins when large amounts of acetyl CoA are produced in the ______________________ space from fatty acids and pyruvate
Mitochondrial oxidation begins when large amounts of acetyl CoA are produced in the ______________________ space from fatty acids and pyruvate
Mitochondrial organisation involves the localisation of metabolic functions within the _______________
Mitochondrial organisation involves the localisation of metabolic functions within the _______________
The citric acid cycle (TCA / Kreb cycle) oxidizes the acetyl group on acetyl CoA to generate ______________________ and FADH2 for the respiratory chain
The citric acid cycle (TCA / Kreb cycle) oxidizes the acetyl group on acetyl CoA to generate ______________________ and FADH2 for the respiratory chain
Electrons are transferred from NADH to oxygen through ______________________ respiratory enzyme complexes
Electrons are transferred from NADH to oxygen through ______________________ respiratory enzyme complexes
The outer membrane is responsible for __________________ synthesis
The outer membrane is responsible for __________________ synthesis
A ______________________ process converts oxidation energy into ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane
A ______________________ process converts oxidation energy into ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane
Electron transport and proton translocation for ATP synthesis occur in the _______________
Electron transport and proton translocation for ATP synthesis occur in the _______________
The citric acid cycle and β-oxidation of fats occur in the _______________
The citric acid cycle and β-oxidation of fats occur in the _______________
The rapid conversion of ADP to ATP in mitochondria maintains a high ratio of ______________________ to ADP in cells
The rapid conversion of ADP to ATP in mitochondria maintains a high ratio of ______________________ to ADP in cells
Mitochondria are found in most ______________________ cells
Mitochondria are found in most ______________________ cells
The mitochondrial genetic system is found in the _______________
The mitochondrial genetic system is found in the _______________
The surface area of the inner membrane is substantially increased by folding into _______________
The surface area of the inner membrane is substantially increased by folding into _______________
Mitochondria are inherited only through the ______________________
Mitochondria are inherited only through the ______________________
The human mitochondrial genome contains about ______________________ nucleotides
The human mitochondrial genome contains about ______________________ nucleotides
The inner membrane is essentially impermeable to most __________________ and small molecules
The inner membrane is essentially impermeable to most __________________ and small molecules
The outer membrane is highly permeable to __________________ molecules
The outer membrane is highly permeable to __________________ molecules
Integral transmembrane channel proteins (porins) allow the free diffusion of __________________ molecules in the outer membrane
Integral transmembrane channel proteins (porins) allow the free diffusion of __________________ molecules in the outer membrane
The conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids to Acetyl CoA occurs in the _______________
The conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids to Acetyl CoA occurs in the _______________
What is the significance of Mitochondria and Chloroplast in cellular metabolism?
What is the significance of Mitochondria and Chloroplast in cellular metabolism?
How do Chloroplasts utilize energy from sunlight?
How do Chloroplasts utilize energy from sunlight?
What is the function of the thylakoid membrane in Chloroplasts?
What is the function of the thylakoid membrane in Chloroplasts?
What is the internal space enclosed by the Chloroplast membrane?
What is the internal space enclosed by the Chloroplast membrane?
How many nucleotides are in the human mitochondrial genome?
How many nucleotides are in the human mitochondrial genome?
What is the primary function of Mitochondria in cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of Mitochondria in cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of Chloroplasts in plant cells?
What is the primary function of Chloroplasts in plant cells?
What is the significance of the electron transport chain in Mitochondria?
What is the significance of the electron transport chain in Mitochondria?
What is the result of the conversion of ATP to ADP in Mitochondria?
What is the result of the conversion of ATP to ADP in Mitochondria?
What is the unique feature of the inheritance of Mitochondria?
What is the unique feature of the inheritance of Mitochondria?
In which mitochondrial compartment does fatty acid desaturation occur?
In which mitochondrial compartment does fatty acid desaturation occur?
What is the primary function of the matrix in mitochondria?
What is the primary function of the matrix in mitochondria?
What is the role of the inner membrane in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the role of the inner membrane in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the function of porins in the outer mitochondrial membrane?
What is the function of porins in the outer mitochondrial membrane?
In which compartment does DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur in mitochondria?
In which compartment does DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur in mitochondria?
What is the result of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria?
What is the result of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria?
What is the site of ATP synthesis in mitochondria?
What is the site of ATP synthesis in mitochondria?
What is the function of the citric acid cycle in mitochondria?
What is the function of the citric acid cycle in mitochondria?
What is the role of the mitochondrial outer membrane?
What is the role of the mitochondrial outer membrane?
What is the site of β-oxidation of fats in mitochondria?
What is the site of β-oxidation of fats in mitochondria?
What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle in the process of aerobic oxidation?
What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle in the process of aerobic oxidation?
What is the significance of the mitochondrial matrix in terms of its contents and functions?
What is the significance of the mitochondrial matrix in terms of its contents and functions?
How do the reactions of glycolysis and the Calvin cycle compare in terms of their overall direction and function?
How do the reactions of glycolysis and the Calvin cycle compare in terms of their overall direction and function?
What is the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in the process of ATP production?
What is the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in the process of ATP production?
What is unique about the inheritance of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
What is unique about the inheritance of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
What is the significance of the human mitochondrial genome in terms of its size and gene content?
What is the significance of the human mitochondrial genome in terms of its size and gene content?
How do the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes compare in terms of their size and gene content?
How do the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes compare in terms of their size and gene content?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and how do they achieve this function?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and how do they achieve this function?
What is the significance of the respiratory chain in the process of ATP production?
What is the significance of the respiratory chain in the process of ATP production?
How do the processes of aerobic oxidation and photosynthesis relate to each other in terms of their overall function and direction?
How do the processes of aerobic oxidation and photosynthesis relate to each other in terms of their overall function and direction?
What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
How is ATP converted to ADP?
How is ATP converted to ADP?
Why is the conversion of ATP to ADP an unfavourable reaction?
Why is the conversion of ATP to ADP an unfavourable reaction?
What is the role of the proton pump and ATP synthase in cellular respiration?
What is the role of the proton pump and ATP synthase in cellular respiration?
What are the two main stages in Proton pump and ATP synthase?
What are the two main stages in Proton pump and ATP synthase?
What is stage 1 of glycolysis?
What is stage 1 of glycolysis?
What are the steps involved in Stage 2 of glycolysis, including the formation of a 3-carbon fragment?
What are the steps involved in Stage 2 of glycolysis, including the formation of a 3-carbon fragment?
Why are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis regulated in a reciprocal manner?
Why are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis regulated in a reciprocal manner?
What are the enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis?
What are the enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis?
What enzymes are unique to gluconeogenesis in allosteric regulation?
What enzymes are unique to gluconeogenesis in allosteric regulation?
What is fatty acid oxidation?
What is fatty acid oxidation?
What is the process of fatty acid oxidation?
What is the process of fatty acid oxidation?
What is the result of anaerobic oxidation of glucose?
What is the result of anaerobic oxidation of glucose?
What is the overall reaction in aerobic respiration?
What is the overall reaction in aerobic respiration?
What are the stages in order for aerobic respiration?
What are the stages in order for aerobic respiration?
In Complex 1 of metabolic pathways, what happens?
In Complex 1 of metabolic pathways, what happens?
What is the role of Complex III in metabolic pathways?
What is the role of Complex III in metabolic pathways?
What is Complex IV in metabolic pathways?
What is Complex IV in metabolic pathways?
What is the primary function of ATP synthase in metabolic pathways?
What is the primary function of ATP synthase in metabolic pathways?
what electron carriers are involved?
what electron carriers are involved?
What electron carriers are involved in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?
What electron carriers are involved in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?
What is the link reaction?
What is the link reaction?
Study Notes
Metabolic Organelles
- Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are specialized compartments for energy metabolism and ATP production.
- Mitochondria generate energy from lipid to carbohydrate breakdown.
- Chloroplasts use energy captured by sunlight to generate ATP and reducing power for synthesizing carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O.
Properties and Functions of Chloroplasts
- Found in plant cells.
- Comparable in size to a whole bacterial cell.
- Provides energy by converting solar energy into chemical energy.
- Generates ATP to convert CO2 to sugar.
- Electron-transport processes occur in the thylakoid membrane.
- Stroma is an internal space enclosed by membranes.
- CHO and other chloroplast products are exported to the cell cytosol.
Energy Conversion in Mitochondria and Chloroplast
- ATP is generated from chemical energy or sunlight.
- Two processes are primarily responsible for the conversion: aerobic oxidation (aerobic respiration) and photosynthesis.
- Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are also important direct and indirect sources of ATP production.
- Both organelles contain two internal compartments.
- Mitochondrial oxidation begins with the production of acetyl CoA in the matrix space from fatty acids and pyruvate.
Aerobic Oxidation and Photosynthesis
- Despite the diversity of life, many basic structures and life processes are variations on a common theme.
- Aerobic oxidation and photosynthesis are the two most important energy reactions in eukaryotes.
- Glycolysis is catabolic, and the Calvin cycle is anabolic.
- The overall reactions are the reverse of each other.
Properties and Functions of Mitochondria
- Found in most eukaryotic cells.
- Comparable in size to a whole bacterial cell.
- Site of aerobic respiration and energy production.
- Surrounded by two membranes.
- Matrix contains enzymes, DNA, mRNA, and ribosomes.
- Mitochondria are inherited only through the mother.
Mitochondrial Organisation
- Localisation of metabolic functions within the mitochondria.
- Membrane or compartment:
- Outer membrane: phospholipid synthesis, fatty acid desaturation, and fatty acid elongation.
- Inner membrane: electron transport, proton translocation for ATP synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate import, fatty acyl CoA import, and metabolite transport.
- Matrix: pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, ATP synthesis, β-oxidation of fats, DNA replication, RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis.
Metabolic Organelles
- Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are specialized compartments for energy metabolism and ATP production.
- Mitochondria generate energy from lipid to carbohydrate breakdown.
- Chloroplasts use energy captured by sunlight to generate ATP and reducing power for synthesizing carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O.
Properties and Functions of Chloroplasts
- Found in plant cells.
- Comparable in size to a whole bacterial cell.
- Provides energy by converting solar energy into chemical energy.
- Generates ATP to convert CO2 to sugar.
- Electron-transport processes occur in the thylakoid membrane.
- Stroma is an internal space enclosed by membranes.
- CHO and other chloroplast products are exported to the cell cytosol.
Energy Conversion in Mitochondria and Chloroplast
- ATP is generated from chemical energy or sunlight.
- Two processes are primarily responsible for the conversion: aerobic oxidation (aerobic respiration) and photosynthesis.
- Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are also important direct and indirect sources of ATP production.
- Both organelles contain two internal compartments.
- Mitochondrial oxidation begins with the production of acetyl CoA in the matrix space from fatty acids and pyruvate.
Aerobic Oxidation and Photosynthesis
- Despite the diversity of life, many basic structures and life processes are variations on a common theme.
- Aerobic oxidation and photosynthesis are the two most important energy reactions in eukaryotes.
- Glycolysis is catabolic, and the Calvin cycle is anabolic.
- The overall reactions are the reverse of each other.
Properties and Functions of Mitochondria
- Found in most eukaryotic cells.
- Comparable in size to a whole bacterial cell.
- Site of aerobic respiration and energy production.
- Surrounded by two membranes.
- Matrix contains enzymes, DNA, mRNA, and ribosomes.
- Mitochondria are inherited only through the mother.
Mitochondrial Organisation
- Localisation of metabolic functions within the mitochondria.
- Membrane or compartment:
- Outer membrane: phospholipid synthesis, fatty acid desaturation, and fatty acid elongation.
- Inner membrane: electron transport, proton translocation for ATP synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate import, fatty acyl CoA import, and metabolite transport.
- Matrix: pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, ATP synthesis, β-oxidation of fats, DNA replication, RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis.
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Description
Understand how cells generate energy through cellular respiration, ATP synthesis, and the role of proton pumps. Learn about glycolysis, aerobic oxidation of glucose and fatty acids, and the conversion of energy.
