The Cell WK3 - Metabolic pathways and energy conversion

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

During glycolysis, what is the product of the cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?

One 2-carbon fragment

One 6-carbon fragment

Two 4-carbon fragments

Two 3-carbon fragments (correct)

Which enzymes are the main sites of allosteric regulation in gluconeogenesis?

Pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase

Only the enzymes in the citric acid cycle

All the enzymes in the glycolytic pathway

Two of the four bypass enzymes (correct)

In which reaction is ATP harvested during glycolysis?

Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

Oxidation of 3-carbon fragments to pyruvate (correct)

Cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon fragments

Conversion of glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

How do cells take up free fatty acids from their extracellular environment?

With the help of specific transporter proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the link reaction in aerobic oxidation of glucose and fatty acids?

Acetyl CoA Signup and view all the answers

Where does chemiosmosis take place in eukaryotes?

In the mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of electron carriers in the electron transport chain?

To transport electrons during oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for generating energy from lipid to carbohydrate breakdown?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloroplasts?

Converting solar energy into chemical energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which energy is converted from chemical energy or sunlight to ATP?

Energy Conversion Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts?

Electron-transport processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the internal space enclosed by the chloroplast membrane?

Stroma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in cellular respiration?

Aerobic oxidation Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of chloroplasts comparable to?

A bacterial cell Signup and view all the answers

Where does the conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids to Acetyl CoA occur?

Matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria?

ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inner membrane in the mitochondria?

Electron transport and ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the conversion of ATP to ADP?

Energetically unfavourable process Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the porins in the outer membrane of the mitochondria?

To allow the free diffusion of small molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the citric acid cycle also known as?

Krebs cycle and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the matrix in the mitochondria?

Site of central reactions of oxidative metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes generates NADH and FADH2 for the respiratory chain?

Citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of the electron transport chain that drives ATP synthesis?

An electrochemical proton gradient Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main energy-releasing reactions in eukaryotes?

Aerobic oxidation and photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Where does mitochondrial oxidation begin?

In the mitochondrial matrix space Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of the overall reactions of glycolysis and the Calvin cycle?

Opposite directions Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the rapid conversion of ADP to ATP in mitochondria?

A high ratio of ATP to ADP Signup and view all the answers

How many nucleotides are in the human mitochondrial genome?

16,500 Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the inheritance of mitochondria?

They are inherited only through the mother Signup and view all the answers

How many genes are contained in chloroplast genomes?

120 Signup and view all the answers

Metabolic activities take place in specialized compartments called _______________

organelles Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria and Chloroplast are devoted to _______________ metabolism and ATP production

energy Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondrion generate energy from lipid to _______________ breakdown

carbohydrate Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplasts use energy captured by _______________ to generate energy ATP

sunlight Signup and view all the answers

The human mitochondrial genome contains about _______________ nucleotides

16,500 Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplasts are found in _______________ cells

plant Signup and view all the answers

Electron-transport processes occur in the _______________ membrane

thylakoid Signup and view all the answers

The internal space enclosed by the chloroplast membrane is called the _______________

stroma Signup and view all the answers

Aerobic oxidation (aerobic respiration) is conducted in _______________

mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis is conducted in _______________ of plants

chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are also important direct and indirect sources of ______________________ production

ATP Signup and view all the answers

Both organelles contain two ______________________ compartments

Internal Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondrial oxidation begins when large amounts of acetyl CoA are produced in the ______________________ space from fatty acids and pyruvate

matrix Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondrial organisation involves the localisation of metabolic functions within the _______________

mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

The citric acid cycle (TCA / Kreb cycle) oxidizes the acetyl group on acetyl CoA to generate ______________________ and FADH2 for the respiratory chain

NADH Signup and view all the answers

Electrons are transferred from NADH to oxygen through ______________________ respiratory enzyme complexes

3 Signup and view all the answers

The outer membrane is responsible for __________________ synthesis

Phospholipid Signup and view all the answers

A ______________________ process converts oxidation energy into ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane

chemiosmotic Signup and view all the answers

Electron transport and proton translocation for ATP synthesis occur in the _______________

Inner membrane Signup and view all the answers

The citric acid cycle and β-oxidation of fats occur in the _______________

Matrix Signup and view all the answers

The rapid conversion of ADP to ATP in mitochondria maintains a high ratio of ______________________ to ADP in cells

ATP Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria are found in most ______________________ cells

Eukaryotic Signup and view all the answers

The mitochondrial genetic system is found in the _______________

Matrix Signup and view all the answers

The surface area of the inner membrane is substantially increased by folding into _______________

cristae Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria are inherited only through the ______________________

Mother Signup and view all the answers

The human mitochondrial genome contains about ______________________ nucleotides

16,500 Signup and view all the answers

The inner membrane is essentially impermeable to most __________________ and small molecules

ions Signup and view all the answers

The outer membrane is highly permeable to __________________ molecules

small Signup and view all the answers

Integral transmembrane channel proteins (porins) allow the free diffusion of __________________ molecules in the outer membrane

small Signup and view all the answers

The conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids to Acetyl CoA occurs in the _______________

Matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Mitochondria and Chloroplast in cellular metabolism?

Mitochondria and Chloroplast are devoted to energy metabolism and ATP production. Signup and view all the answers

How do Chloroplasts utilize energy from sunlight?

Chloroplasts use energy captured by sunlight to generate energy ATP and the reducing power needed to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thylakoid membrane in Chloroplasts?

Electron-transport processes occur in the thylakoid membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is the internal space enclosed by the Chloroplast membrane?

The internal space enclosed by the Chloroplast membrane is called the stroma. Signup and view all the answers

How many nucleotides are in the human mitochondrial genome?

The human mitochondrial genome contains about 16,500 nucleotides. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Mitochondria in cellular respiration?

Mitochondria generate energy from lipid to carbohydrate breakdown. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Chloroplasts in plant cells?

Chloroplasts provide energy by converting solar energy into chemical energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the electron transport chain in Mitochondria?

The electron transport chain generates ATP from the energy released during aerobic respiration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the conversion of ATP to ADP in Mitochondria?

The result of the conversion of ATP to ADP is the release of energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature of the inheritance of Mitochondria?

Mitochondria have a unique feature of inheritance, as they have their own DNA and replicate independently of the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

In which mitochondrial compartment does fatty acid desaturation occur?

Outer membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the matrix in mitochondria?

Site of pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, ATP synthesis, and β-oxidation of fats Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inner membrane in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation?

Site of electron transport, proton translocation, and ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of porins in the outer mitochondrial membrane?

Allowing free diffusion of small molecules Signup and view all the answers

In which compartment does DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur in mitochondria?

Matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria?

Generation of a proton gradient, leading to ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of ATP synthesis in mitochondria?

Inner membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the citric acid cycle in mitochondria?

Oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2, generating NADH and FADH2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mitochondrial outer membrane?

Permeable to small molecules, allowing for phospholipid synthesis and fatty acid desaturation Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of β-oxidation of fats in mitochondria?

Matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle in the process of aerobic oxidation?

To generate NADH and FADH2 for the respiratory chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the mitochondrial matrix in terms of its contents and functions?

It contains enzymes, DNA, mRNA, and ribosomes, and is the site of the citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

How do the reactions of glycolysis and the Calvin cycle compare in terms of their overall direction and function?

They are reverse reactions, with glycolysis being catabolic and the Calvin cycle being anabolic Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in the process of ATP production?

It is the site of chemiosmosis, where oxidation energy is converted into ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the inheritance of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

They are inherited only through the mother Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the human mitochondrial genome in terms of its size and gene content?

It contains about 16,500 nucleotides and encodes 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and 13 different polypeptide chains Signup and view all the answers

How do the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes compare in terms of their size and gene content?

Chloroplast genomes are about 10 times larger and contain ~120 genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and how do they achieve this function?

To generate energy for the cell through aerobic oxidation, which is achieved through the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the respiratory chain in the process of ATP production?

It is the site of electron transport, where energy is released and used to generate ATP Signup and view all the answers

How do the processes of aerobic oxidation and photosynthesis relate to each other in terms of their overall function and direction?

They are reverse reactions, with aerobic oxidation being the process of energy release and photosynthesis being the process of energy capture Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

To generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

How is ATP converted to ADP?

Through substrate-level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the conversion of ATP to ADP an unfavourable reaction?

Because it releases energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the proton pump and ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

The proton pump creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, driving the production of ATP through ATP synthase. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main stages in Proton pump and ATP synthase?

Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is stage 1 of glycolysis?

Glucose phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps involved in Stage 2 of glycolysis, including the formation of a 3-carbon fragment?

Phosphoglucose isomerase converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate and then aldolase converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Signup and view all the answers

Why are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis regulated in a reciprocal manner?

Because they are mutually opposing pathways, and reciprocal regulation ensures that one pathway is active when the other is inhibited, preventing futile energy cycles. Signup and view all the answers

What are the enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis?

Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, among others Signup and view all the answers

What enzymes are unique to gluconeogenesis in allosteric regulation?

Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Signup and view all the answers

What is fatty acid oxidation?

The process by which fatty acids are broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of fatty acid oxidation?

Beta oxidation Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of anaerobic oxidation of glucose?

lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall reaction in aerobic respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages in order for aerobic respiration?

Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

In Complex 1 of metabolic pathways, what happens?

Electrons are passed through a series of electron carriers, resulting in the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Complex III in metabolic pathways?

Pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is Complex IV in metabolic pathways?

Cytochrome c oxidase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP synthase in metabolic pathways?

To generate ATP from the energy released during oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

what electron carriers are involved?

Signup and view all the answers

What electron carriers are involved in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?

NADH and FADH2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the link reaction?

The link reaction is the process by which the electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through a series of electron transport chains, generating a proton gradient that drives the production of ATP. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Metabolic Organelles

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are specialized compartments for energy metabolism and ATP production.
Mitochondria generate energy from lipid to carbohydrate breakdown.
Chloroplasts use energy captured by sunlight to generate ATP and reducing power for synthesizing carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O.

Properties and Functions of Chloroplasts

Found in plant cells.
Comparable in size to a whole bacterial cell.
Provides energy by converting solar energy into chemical energy.
Generates ATP to convert CO2 to sugar.
Electron-transport processes occur in the thylakoid membrane.
Stroma is an internal space enclosed by membranes.
CHO and other chloroplast products are exported to the cell cytosol.

Energy Conversion in Mitochondria and Chloroplast

ATP is generated from chemical energy or sunlight.
Two processes are primarily responsible for the conversion: aerobic oxidation (aerobic respiration) and photosynthesis.
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are also important direct and indirect sources of ATP production.
Both organelles contain two internal compartments.
Mitochondrial oxidation begins with the production of acetyl CoA in the matrix space from fatty acids and pyruvate.

Aerobic Oxidation and Photosynthesis

Despite the diversity of life, many basic structures and life processes are variations on a common theme.
Aerobic oxidation and photosynthesis are the two most important energy reactions in eukaryotes.
Glycolysis is catabolic, and the Calvin cycle is anabolic.
The overall reactions are the reverse of each other.

Properties and Functions of Mitochondria

Found in most eukaryotic cells.
Comparable in size to a whole bacterial cell.
Site of aerobic respiration and energy production.
Surrounded by two membranes.
Matrix contains enzymes, DNA, mRNA, and ribosomes.
Mitochondria are inherited only through the mother.

Mitochondrial Organisation

Localisation of metabolic functions within the mitochondria.
Membrane or compartment:
- Outer membrane: phospholipid synthesis, fatty acid desaturation, and fatty acid elongation.
- Inner membrane: electron transport, proton translocation for ATP synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate import, fatty acyl CoA import, and metabolite transport.
- Matrix: pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, ATP synthesis, β-oxidation of fats, DNA replication, RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis.

Metabolic Organelles

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are specialized compartments for energy metabolism and ATP production.
Mitochondria generate energy from lipid to carbohydrate breakdown.
Chloroplasts use energy captured by sunlight to generate ATP and reducing power for synthesizing carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O.

Properties and Functions of Chloroplasts

Found in plant cells.
Comparable in size to a whole bacterial cell.
Provides energy by converting solar energy into chemical energy.
Generates ATP to convert CO2 to sugar.
Electron-transport processes occur in the thylakoid membrane.
Stroma is an internal space enclosed by membranes.
CHO and other chloroplast products are exported to the cell cytosol.

Energy Conversion in Mitochondria and Chloroplast

ATP is generated from chemical energy or sunlight.
Two processes are primarily responsible for the conversion: aerobic oxidation (aerobic respiration) and photosynthesis.
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are also important direct and indirect sources of ATP production.
Both organelles contain two internal compartments.
Mitochondrial oxidation begins with the production of acetyl CoA in the matrix space from fatty acids and pyruvate.

Aerobic Oxidation and Photosynthesis

Despite the diversity of life, many basic structures and life processes are variations on a common theme.
Aerobic oxidation and photosynthesis are the two most important energy reactions in eukaryotes.
Glycolysis is catabolic, and the Calvin cycle is anabolic.
The overall reactions are the reverse of each other.

Properties and Functions of Mitochondria

Found in most eukaryotic cells.
Comparable in size to a whole bacterial cell.
Site of aerobic respiration and energy production.
Surrounded by two membranes.
Matrix contains enzymes, DNA, mRNA, and ribosomes.
Mitochondria are inherited only through the mother.

Mitochondrial Organisation

Localisation of metabolic functions within the mitochondria.
Membrane or compartment:
- Outer membrane: phospholipid synthesis, fatty acid desaturation, and fatty acid elongation.
- Inner membrane: electron transport, proton translocation for ATP synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate import, fatty acyl CoA import, and metabolite transport.
- Matrix: pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, ATP synthesis, β-oxidation of fats, DNA replication, RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Understand how cells generate energy through cellular respiration, ATP synthesis, and the role of proton pumps. Learn about glycolysis, aerobic oxidation of glucose and fatty acids, and the conversion of energy.