Cellular Metabolism in Introductory Biology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of an enzyme in cellular metabolism?

  • To speed up the rate of a specific chemical reaction (correct)
  • To break down larger molecules into smaller ones
  • To synthesize ATP
  • To convert glucose into pyruvate
  • What type of reaction is characterized by the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones?

  • Anabolic reaction
  • Catabolic reaction (correct)
  • Decomposition reaction
  • Synthesis reaction
  • What is the term for the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell?

  • Metabolic pathway
  • Metabolism (correct)
  • Cellular respiration
  • Anabolic process
  • What is the characteristic of anabolic reactions in cellular metabolism?

    <p>They require energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of chemical reactions in cellular metabolism?

    <p>A combination of linear, circular, and spiral pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of enzymes in cellular metabolism?

    <p>They are specific to a particular chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the active site of an enzyme when a competitive inhibitor binds to it?

    <p>The substrate molecule is prevented from binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a pocket or cleft on the enzyme molecule where the substrate binds?

    <p>Active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an inhibitor on enzyme activity?

    <p>It decreases the reaction rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate?

    <p>Enzyme-substrate complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a change in pH on an enzyme's activity?

    <p>It can denature the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the original molecule that the enzyme acts on?

    <p>Substrate molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an optimum temperature on an enzyme's activity?

    <p>It increases the reaction rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that decreases an enzyme's activity?

    <p>Inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do green plants use to build sugar molecules during photosynthesis?

    <p>Energy from sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

    <p>The source of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during cellular respiration as a waste product?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sugar molecules produced during photosynthesis?

    <p>To provide energy to plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

    <p>To combine with food molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between plants and animals in terms of cellular metabolism?

    <p>Plants help animals, and animals help plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do plants release most of the oxygen produced during photosynthesis into the air?

    <p>Because they do not need it for their own life processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for animals?

    <p>Food molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Metabolism

    • Cells generate and store energy through photosynthesis and respiration.
    • Photosynthesis: green plants manufacture sugar molecules (fructose and glucose) using energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, producing oxygen as a byproduct.
    • Plants use sugar for plant structure and energy, and release excess oxygen into the air.
    • Animals, including humans, obtain energy from food (plants and/or other animals) through cellular respiration, combining oxygen with food molecules to release energy.
    • Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide as a waste product, which is released into the air.

    Metabolic Reactions

    • Metabolism: the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell.
    • Catabolic reactions (catabolism): decomposition reactions that break down larger molecules to form smaller ones, releasing energy.
    • Anabolic reactions (anabolism): synthesis reactions that join smaller molecules to form larger ones, requiring energy.

    Metabolic Pathways

    • Metabolic pathways consist of thousands of chemical reactions, arranged in linear, circular, or spiral topologies.
    • Each reaction's product is the reactant (substrate) for the next reaction.
    • Enzymes catalyze every chemical reaction in metabolism, speeding up the rate of specific reactions.

    Enzymes

    • Enzymes are biological catalysts, typically proteins, that speed up specific chemical reactions in the cell.
    • Enzymes are not destroyed during the reaction and are reused.
    • A cell contains thousands of different types of enzyme molecules, each specific to a particular chemical reaction.
    • Enzyme names often end in -ase.

    Mode of Action of Enzymes

    • Enzymes have an active site, a pocket or cleft for substrate binding, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
    • Any chemical or physical condition that affects the enzyme's three-dimensional shape can change the reaction rate.
    • Optimum temperature and pH are required for enzyme activity, and denaturation can render an enzyme inactive.

    Regulation of Enzyme Activity

    • Inhibitors: substances that bind to enzymes and decrease their activity.
    • Competitive inhibitors: compete with substrates for active site binding.
    • Non-competitive inhibitors: bind to other sites on the enzyme, altering its shape and reducing activity.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of cellular metabolism, including energy generation and storage, types of metabolic reactions, and aerobic vs anaerobic metabolism.

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