Biology Chapter on Cellular Metabolism and Bacteria

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary output of the citric acid cycle per turn?

Six CO2

One ATP (correct)

Two NADH

Two Acetyl CoA

Which process occurs if oxygen is absent during pyruvate metabolism in animals?

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Fermentation (correct)

What is a key feature of glycolysis?

It directly generates 38 ATP

It requires oxygen

It produces two molecules of pyruvate (correct)

It occurs in the mitochondria

What occurs during chemiosmosis?

Production of ATP via ATP synthase Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis?

Two ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells?

Capsule Signup and view all the answers

What component is present in the cell wall of bacteria but not in archaea?

Peptidoglycan Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of these characteristics is common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is characterized by a long rod shape twisted into a rigid spiral?

Spirilla Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the glycocalyx in some bacteria?

Aids in attachment to surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is known for being flexible spirals?

Spirochete Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cells is correct?

They possess a nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What role do proto-oncogenes play in the cell cycle?

They encode proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when tumor suppressor genes are mutated?

They fail to inhibit the cell cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the entry into the cell cycle?

Growth factors and other signals. Signup and view all the answers

How does uncontrolled cell growth relate to cancer development?

It results from genetic mutations affecting cell cycle regulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a damaged cell completing mitosis?

It can lead to uncontrolled growth and cancer development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit of life?

Cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the classification of living organisms?

Domain is the highest category in classification. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Fungi Kingdom?

Heterotrophic and non-mobile Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

It serves as a constant variable not exposed to the experimental variable. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'model organisms' refer to in scientific research?

Organisms used in experiments to study human-like processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the experimental variable in an experiment?

The factor that is manipulated during the experiment. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for scientific studies to be peer-reviewed?

To verify the validity and reliability of research findings. Signup and view all the answers

What is the response variable in the given fertilizer experiment?

The change in growth of the plants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

Digest unwanted materials Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in the assembly and disassembly of microtubules?

Centrosome Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of chloroplasts?

Contain their own DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Synthesize and process proteins Signup and view all the answers

How do cilia differ from flagella?

Cilia are much shorter than flagella Signup and view all the answers

What do ribosomes use as a template during protein synthesis?

mRNA Signup and view all the answers

Which type of filaments in the cytoskeleton helps maintain the structure of the nuclear envelope?

Intermediate filaments Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

Modify and package proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the plasma membrane's structure?

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary end product of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate molecules Signup and view all the answers

What roles do NADH and FADH$2$ play in ATP production?

They are electron donors in the Krebs cycle. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

It absorbs light energy. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main raw materials required for photosynthesis?

Water and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria?

Krebs Cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?

To reduce CO2 to form carbohydrates. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA synthesis occur?

S Phase Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the process of photolysis in photosynthesis?

Water molecules are split. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

To control timing of cell division Signup and view all the answers

Which type of photosynthesis involves capturing CO2 at night?

CAM Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as a result of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP and NADPH Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cyclins in the cell cycle?

They regulate the timing of cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What specifically occurs during the regeneration phase of the Calvin Cycle?

RuBP is restored. Signup and view all the answers

What role do glycolipids play in a cell membrane?

Serve as identification markers Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein is responsible for the passage of water across a membrane?

Aquaporins Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during endocytosis?

Cells intake materials using vesicles Signup and view all the answers

How does active transport differ from facilitated transport?

Active transport requires energy while facilitated does not Signup and view all the answers

Which solution causes a cell to lose water and potentially undergo crenation?

Hypertonic solution Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of carrier proteins in cell membranes?

To transport molecules by altering their shape Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endocytosis involves the uptake of large particles?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which protein type is involved in the direct initiation of a cellular response upon binding with a molecule?

Receptor proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is required for transport against a concentration gradient?

Carrier proteins and energy Signup and view all the answers

What defines an isotonic solution?

Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the rate of diffusion?

Cell's energy levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of exocytosis?

To release substances from the cell Signup and view all the answers

How is osmotic pressure related to water movement?

Greater osmotic pressure increases the likelihood of water diffusion into that direction Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?

They are typically proteins that act as catalysts. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an enzyme when temperature exceeds its optimal range?

The enzyme undergoes denaturation and loses function. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about phosphorylation in coupled reactions?

It is the transfer of a phosphate group to a reactant. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes does NOT involve ATP?

Direct breakdown of glucose Signup and view all the answers

How do cofactors assist enzymes?

They enhance the enzyme's activity during reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the induced fit model of enzyme action?

The active site undergoes a shape change upon substrate binding. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cellular respiration?

To release energy for ATP production. Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme cofactor helps in the electron transport chain?

NADH Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of cellular respiration is pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA?

Preparatory reaction Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about oxidation-reduction reactions is correct?

Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence enzymatic speed?

Intensity of sunlight Signup and view all the answers

What is the inheritance pattern characterized by one allele being completely dominant over the other?

Complete dominance Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during degradation in enzymatic reactions?

A substrate breaks into multiple products. Signup and view all the answers

What defines metabolic pathways?

Series of linked reactions leading to an end product. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is an example of codominance?

ABO blood type Signup and view all the answers

What type of inheritance involves more than two alleles existing for a single trait?

Multiple allele inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cyanide in metabolic reactions?

It acts as an enzyme inhibitor. Signup and view all the answers

How is the energy stored in ATP utilized in endergonic reactions?

By coupling with exergonic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected phenotype ratio for a dihybrid cross resulting in two independently assorted traits?

9:3:3:1 Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder requires two recessive alleles to be expressed?

Tay-Sachs disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Chi Square in scientific studies?

It is used to verify the reliability of the study's conclusions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of autosomal dominant disorders?

Manifestation in every generation Signup and view all the answers

Which set of elements makes up 95% of all organisms?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of valence electrons in an atom?

To engage in bonding with other atoms. Signup and view all the answers

How does polygenic inheritance affect phenotypes?

Leads to continuous variation Signup and view all the answers

What genetic disorder is characterized by abnormal hemoglobin and sickle-shaped red blood cells?

Sickle-cell disease Signup and view all the answers

How are ionic bonds characterized?

By one atom donating electrons to another Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a polar covalent bond?

Electrons are shared unequally due to differences in electronegativity. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about gametes is true?

They are formed by meiosis. Signup and view all the answers

What role do hydrogen bonds play in water's properties?

They help water maintain a uniform temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic phenotype of a heterozygous individual in incomplete dominance?

It shows an intermediate phenotype. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about organic molecules is true?

They always contain both carbon and hydrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What correctly defines a polymer?

A large molecule made from many repeated subunits. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lac operon when lactose is absent?

The repressor protein binds to the operator. Signup and view all the answers

What role does RNA polymerase play in the lac operon when lactose is present?

It transcribes the genes responsible for lactose metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

In a hydration reaction, what is removed to form a polymer?

A hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom Signup and view all the answers

What defines the lac operon as an inducible operon?

It requires lactose to be present for activation. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key advantages of small cell size in multicellular organisms?

It allows easier nutrient absorption and waste removal. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects cell theory?

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the repressor protein encoded in relation to the lac operon?

On a separate regulatory gene outside the operon. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Resists stretching Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes eukaryotic regulation of gene expression from prokaryotic regulation?

Eukaryotic genes have individual promoters. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'electronegativity' refer to?

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does lactose have on the repressor protein in the lac operon?

It binds to the repressor, preventing it from binding to the operator. Signup and view all the answers

Which description correctly represents eukaryotic cells?

Cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endocytosis involves specific molecules binding to receptor proteins?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of a plant cell wall?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the operator in the lac operon?

It is where the repressor protein can bind to block transcription. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the repressor protein is bound to the operator sequence?

Transcription of the operon genes is blocked. Signup and view all the answers

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy Signup and view all the answers

What type of cellular reaction is characterized by the formation of products with more free energy than the reactants?

Endergonic reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of junction connects the cytoskeletal filaments of adjacent cells?

Adhesion Junctions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of energy transformation occurs during cellular respiration?

Chemical energy to thermal energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?

Assist in cell signaling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following transformations represents an increase in entropy?

Breaking down carbohydrates into CO2 and water Signup and view all the answers

How does the second law of thermodynamics apply to energy conversion processes?

No energy conversion process is ever 100% efficient Signup and view all the answers

What role does ATP play in cells?

It functions as the energy currency of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose?

Chemical energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of plasmodesmata in plant cells?

To allow exchange of materials between adjacent cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is associated with the movement of a muscle cell?

Kinetic energy Signup and view all the answers

What role does the P53 gene play in cancer prevention?

It acts as a transcription factor to inhibit cell cycle progression. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes cancer cells?

Cancer cells can escape normal cell cycle regulations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of germ-line mutations?

They can affect the entire organism's cells. Signup and view all the answers

How do cancer cells commonly migrate and form new tumors?

Through a process known as metastasis. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the process of angiogenesis in tumors?

Blood vessels are formed to supply the tumor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

They cut DNA at specific sequences. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation involves the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases?

Frameshift mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key use of gene cloning in biotechnology?

Producing large quantities of proteins like insulin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a mutation affecting tumor suppressor genes?

Reduced ability to induce apoptosis. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately differentiates somatic mutations from germ-line mutations?

Somatic mutations affect only specific tissues, while germ-line mutations affect all cells. Signup and view all the answers

What role do transcription factors play in gene expression?

They help RNA polymerase bind to a promoter. Signup and view all the answers

What modification is made to primary mRNA to produce mature mRNA?

Addition of a 5’ guanine cap and a poly-A tail. Signup and view all the answers

How do somatic mutations differ from germ-line mutations?

Somatic mutations occur in non-reproductive cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of mutations?

Transcription factors binding to genes. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential effect of point mutations?

The production of a STOP codon. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes frameshift mutations?

They involve the insertion or deletion of nucleotides. Signup and view all the answers

What role do transposons play in gene expression?

They can alter neighboring gene expression. Signup and view all the answers

How do mutagens affect DNA?

They cause DNA alterations leading to mutations. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about post-translational control is true?

It involves chemical modifications to proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of an incomplete protein due to a point mutation?

Potential disruption of metabolic pathways. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is typical of polygenic traits?

They follow a bell-shaped curve distribution. Signup and view all the answers

How does nutrition affect the phenotype of height?

It can enhance the expression of height-related genes. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does temperature have on primrose flower color?

Temperature influences the color of flowers. Signup and view all the answers

Which strain of bacteria was found to be virulent in Griffith's experiment?

S strain. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant conclusion of Oswald Avery's experiments?

DNA is responsible for transformation. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrate?

DNA is the genetic material. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?

Composed of a double helix of nucleotides. Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleotides pair together in DNA?

Adenine with Thymine and Guanine with Cytosine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNase in the context of Avery's experiment?

To prevent DNA transformation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the two DNA strands?

They are antiparallel to each other. Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds hold the two strands of a DNA double helix together?

Hydrogen bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide in DNA?

Ribose sugar. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of DNA replication?

One DNA double helix forms two identical double helices. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause that initiates the development of cancer?

Mutation in cell DNA Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes diploid cells in humans?

They have pairs of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?

Plant cells form a cell plate whereas animal cells split the existing cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis is characterized by the pairing of homologous chromosomes?

Prophase I Signup and view all the answers

How many chromatids are present in a single chromosome after DNA replication and before mitosis?

Two sister chromatids Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of fertilization in terms of chromosome number?

Restores diploid (2n) chromosome number Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Law of Segregation?

Each gamete contains only one factor from each pair. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the genetic composition of homologous chromosomes?

They carry similar types of genes at the same loci. Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a trait is expressed as dominant or recessive in genetics?

The rules regarding how alleles behave during segregation. Signup and view all the answers

In oogenesis, what is the fate of the polar body produced during meiosis?

It disintegrates and does not contribute to fertilization. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains genetic variation during meiosis?

Independent assortment occurs in meiosis I. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the physical appearance resulting from genotype?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of spindle fibers during mitosis?

To separate sister chromatids and distribute them equally. Signup and view all the answers

What role does helicase play during DNA replication?

It separates the DNA strands to allow replication. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'semiconservative' in the context of DNA replication?

Each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand. Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of transcription does RNA polymerase add complementary RNA nucleotides?

Elongation Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the processing of pre-mRNA in eukaryotic cells?

A guanine cap is added to the 5’ end. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the ribosome is primarily responsible for decoding mRNA into protein?

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Signup and view all the answers

In gene expression, what function does the promoter region serve?

It is where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tRNA in the process of translation?

It transports amino acids to the ribosome. Signup and view all the answers

What feature allows the DNA double helix to serve as a template for mRNA formation during transcription?

The strands are antiparallel and complementary. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes what happens to introns during mRNA processing?

Introns are removed from the pre-mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

What does the genetic code use to encode amino acids?

Triplet codons of three nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

How does the order of mRNA codons affect the synthesis of proteins?

It governs the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotes, what modifications occur to mRNA after transcription but before it is translated?

Addition of a poly-A tail and guanine cap. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step that RNA polymerase performs during transcription?

Binding to the promoter region. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

Cells are the fundamental units of life.
Tissues are groups of similar cells performing a specific function.
Organs are formed from several tissues.
Organ systems are assembled from organs.
The plant kingdom consists of multicellular, photosynthetic organisms.
The fungi kingdom includes molds and mushrooms (heterotrophic).
The animal kingdom consists of multicellular organisms that consume food.

Classification

Biological classification uses a hierarchical system: Domain → Supergroup → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.
Systematics helps scientists understand and categorize the diversity of life.

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (bacteria and archaea).
Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (animals, plants, fungi, protists).
Prokaryotic cells are usually unicellular; some are beneficial.
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles that carry out specific functions.

Cell Components

Cell Wall (Plants, Fungi): Provides structural support and protection. Plant cell walls contain cellulose, while fungal cell walls contain chitin.
Plasma Membrane: Regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell. It's a phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails).
Nucleus: Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA).
Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances; Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins.
Golgi Apparatus: Processes, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids.
Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down waste.
Vacuoles (Plants): Store water, nutrients, and other substances.
Chloroplasts (Plants): Sites of photosynthesis.
Mitochondria: Sites of cellular respiration.
Cytoskeleton: A network of protein fibers that provides structural support and facilitates movement.
Prokaryotic Cell Structures: Capsule, flagellum, fimbriae, nucleoid, thylakoids.

Cell Transport

Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration (down a concentration gradient).
Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. Isotonic solutions maintain equilibrium. Hypotonic solutions cause cells to swell. Hypertonic solutions cause cells to shrink.
Facilitated Transport: Passive transport using carrier proteins (down the concentration gradient, no energy required).
Active Transport: Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient (requires energy, ATP).
Bulk Transport: Endocytosis (materials entering the cell) and exocytosis (materials leaving the cell) via vesicles. These processes require energy.

Energy and Metabolism

Photosynthesis: Transformation of light energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates).
Cellular Respiration: Breakdown of glucose to release energy for ATP synthesis. This process consists of glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
ATP: The primary energy currency of cells.
Enzyme Function: Enzymes catalyze reactions, lowering the activation energy. Factors affecting enzyme activity include temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.
Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell (catabolism breaks down molecules, anabolism builds them).

Genetics

DNA Structure: Double helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone and complementary base pairing (A with T, C with G).
DNA Replication: Semiconservative process; each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand.
Transcription: DNA sequence is used to synthesize mRNA.
Translation: mRNA sequence is used to synthesize a polypeptide chain (protein).
Genetic Code: A triplet code where each three-nucleotide codon specifies a particular amino acid.
tRNA: Carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
Ribosomes: Site of translation, where polypeptides are synthesized.
Gene Expression Regulation: Mechanisms that control which genes are expressed and when.
Mutations: Changes in DNA sequence, which can have various effects on protein function. Includes point mutations, frameshift mutations, and mutations related to transposons.
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth and division, often linked to mutations in genes controlling cell growth and death. Cancer cells avoid apoptosis, undergo angiogenesis, and develop resistance to signals that normally control cell division.
Chromosome Numbers: Diploid (2n) cells have two copies of each chromosome; haploid (n) cells have one copy.
Mitosis: Cell division for growth and repair; results in two identical diploid daughter cells.
Meiosis: Cell division for the production of gametes (sex cells); results in four haploid daughter cells. Crossing over and independent assortment are mechanisms for genetic variation.

Biotechnology

Genetic Engineering: Modifying an organism's genome using DNA technology.
Cloning: Producing identical copies of an organism, cell, or DNA.
Recombinant DNA Technology: Combining DNA from different sources to create novel DNA molecules.
Restriction Enzymes: Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.

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Test your knowledge on the intricacies of cellular metabolism and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in this quiz. Explore topics like the citric acid cycle, glycolysis, and bacteria classification. Ideal for biology students wanting to strengthen their understanding of cellular processes.