50 Questions
Which molecule is primarily used by cells as a source of metabolic energy?
ATP
What is the net gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis from one glucose molecule?
2 ATP
The first law of thermodynamics in biological systems is often exemplified by which of the following?
Conversion of chemical energy to mechanical energy
Which of the following best describes the role of chemiosmotic coupling in cellular respiration?
Generation of ATP through proton gradients
Gibbs free energy in biological systems is used to predict:
The direction of biochemical reactions
What is the primary outcome of the citric acid cycle in cellular metabolism?
Production of ATP, NADH, and FADH2
Which process describes the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in plants?
Photosynthesis
In gluconeogenesis, the body synthesizes glucose from:
Both B and C
Which molecule is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
The synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase in the mitochondria is directly driven by:
A proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane
In photosynthesis, the electron transport through photosystem II is primarily coupled to:
Generation of a proton gradient
In gluconeogenesis, the conversion of pyruvate to glucose requires:
4 ATP, 2 GTP, and 2 NADH
In polysaccharide synthesis, the activated form of glucose used is:
UDP-glucose
In fatty acid synthesis, the major product in eukaryotic cells is:
Palmitate
The carbon skeletons of amino acids are primarily derived from:
Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle
In protein biosynthesis, nitrogen is primarily incorporated in the form of:
Ammonia
The starting point for nucleotide biosynthesis, both pyrimidine and purine, is:
Ribose-5-phosphate
In the Calvin cycle, the primary function of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) is:
CO2 fixation
Antimetabolites, such as 6-mercaptopurine, are effective in cancer treatment because they:
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
The activity of Aspartate Transcarbamoylase (ATC) is regulated by:
UTP concentration
Which of the following is a precursor for both purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis?
Ribose-5-phosphate
Which process converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)?
Nitrogen fixation
The synthesis of fatty acids in the human body primarily occurs in the:
Cytosol
During protein synthesis, the formation of peptide bonds is energetically driven by the hydrolysis of:
GTP
Why are antimetabolites like 6-mercaptopurine effective in cancer treatment?
They inhibit nucleic acid synthesis.
Which of the following is an end product of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
In the Calvin cycle, the enzyme Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) catalyzes the:
Conversion of CO2 to 3-phosphoglycerate
Which amino acid is directly synthesized from the citric acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate?
Glutamate
In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is:
Oxygen
In animal cells, glucose is stored in the form of:
Glycogen
The principal site of fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotic cells is
Cytosol
In photosynthesis, which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the light reactions?
NADP+
In glycolysis, the step involving the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is catalyzed by:
Phosphofructokinase
In the nitrogen cycle, the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) is known as:
Nitrogen fixation
During protein synthesis, the addition of each amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain is driven by the hydrolysis of:
Two GTP molecules
In the synthesis of purine nucleotides, the carbon and nitrogen atoms of the purine ring are derived from:
Both glucose and amino acids
In the Calvin cycle, the regeneration of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) requires
ATP only
Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the addition of nucleotides during DNA synthesis?
DNA polymerase
The effectiveness of 6-mercaptopurine in cancer treatment is primarily due to its ability to:
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
The synthesis of the non-essential amino acid alanine from pyruvate requires:
Amination
What is the primary function of Photosystem II in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Generation of a proton gradient for ATP synthesis
How many ATP molecules are required for the conversion of two molecules of pyruvate to one molecule of glucose in gluconeogenesis?
6 ATP
During polysaccharide synthesis, glucose-1-phosphate reacts with which nucleotide to form an activated glucose intermediate?
UTP
In the biosynthesis of fatty acids, the addition of each two-carbon unit requires how many molecules of NADPH?
2 NADPH
Which citric acid cycle intermediate is a precursor for the synthesis of the amino acids glutamate and glutamine?
α-Ketoglutarate
Which process involves the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)?
Nitrogen fixation
6-Mercaptopurine is an effective cancer treatment due to its role as:
A nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor
In the biosynthesis of macromolecules, ATP is primarily used to:
Drive energetically unfavorable reactions
The synthesis of nucleic acids involves which activated precursors?
Nucleoside triphosphates
Why are some enzymes used in gluconeogenesis different from those used in glycolysis?
To bypass irreversible steps in glycolysis
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free