Cellular Differentiation and Development Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary outcome of the cellular differentiation process?

  • Cells become identical to each other
  • Cells only undergo division
  • Cells cease to interact with their environment
  • Cells acquire the ability to perform special functions (correct)

Which of the following factors is involved in mediating cellular processes during differentiation?

  • Environmental changes only
  • Metabolic pathways only
  • Specific signaling pathways (correct)
  • Genetic mutations primarily

What stage follows fertilization in the process of embryonic development?

  • Morphogenesis
  • Apoptosis
  • Implantation
  • Cell differentiation (correct)

Which of the following best describes the role of stem cells in the differentiation process?

<p>They differentiate into specialized cell types (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are signals turned ON or OFF during cellular differentiation?

<p>By cellular interactions with environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is characterized as having an irreversible differentiation characteristic?

<p>Mature keratinocyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a marker of differentiation associated with hepatocytes?

<p>Albumin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process enables the reciprocal paracrine interaction between keratinocytes and fibroblasts?

<p>Heterotypic cell interaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with poorly differentiated tumors typically have a _____ survival rate compared to those with differentiated tumors.

<p>Lower (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is primarily associated with differentiation issues?

<p>Pulmonary fibrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of miRNA in gene expression?

<p>Blocks translation or degrades mRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell produces digestive enzymes?

<p>Pancreatic acinar cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Dicer in the miRNA pathway?

<p>Cutting dsRNA into short segments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about hematopoiesis?

<p>It is the process of generating various blood cell types from hematopoietic stem cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of factors can influence cell differentiation?

<p>Extracellular factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary job of myosin in muscle cells?

<p>Facilitate muscle contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell does a hemangioblast give rise to?

<p>Blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to most mature blood cells in humans?

<p>They have a short lifespan and are continuously replaced. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of myeloid precursors?

<p>Differentiate into red blood cells, platelets, and granulocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is a 'master regulatory gene' involved in muscle differentiation?

<p>MyoD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do lymphoid precursors play in the immune system?

<p>Differentiate into lymphocytes involved in immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell once it reaches terminal differentiation?

<p>It can no longer progress down its lineage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of terminally differentiated cells?

<p>They can give rise to different cell types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does injecting MyoD DNA into a fibroblast have?

<p>It transforms the fibroblast into a muscle cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT describe a function of myoblasts?

<p>Regulating blood cell counts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is primarily regulated by cytokines and growth factors?

<p>Hematopoiesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the mesoderm play in embryonic development?

<p>It induces the ectoderm to form neural tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are inductive events during embryonic development characterized?

<p>They can be binary, gradient, or relay in nature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a binary inductive event in embryonic development?

<p>A choice between one fate or another due to a signal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are morphogens in the context of embryonic development?

<p>Signaling molecules that determine developmental fates based on concentration gradients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which cell type specificity is achieved?

<p>Differential expression of specific portions of the genome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is initiated in a cell to achieve differentiation?

<p>Selective transcription of appropriate genes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes relay-type inductive events?

<p>One signal triggers a cascade affecting neighboring cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of embryonic cell differentiation, what does selective gene transcription mean?

<p>Only genes for basic metabolism and specific functions are active. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which retinoid is used specifically for the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma?

<p>Alitretinoin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the activity type of Isotretinoin?

<p>Pan-RAR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic application is associated with Bexarotene?

<p>Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following retinoids is known to be a Pan-RXR type?

<p>Bexarotene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what condition is Fenretidine primarily used?

<p>Breast cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which retinoid is used for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma?

<p>Acyclic retinoid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of activity is associated with Acyclic retinoid?

<p>RAR, RXR, PPAR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic application is linked to Tretinoin?

<p>Promyelocytic leukemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Differentiation

The process by which cells become specialized for their specific function.

Genetic Program for Embryonic Development

A genetic program that directs embryonic development.

Transformation from Zygote to Adult

The process of cell division, differentiation and morphogenesis together lead to the transformation from a fertilized egg to an adult organism.

Cellular Interaction and Signaling

Interactions between cells and their environment activate specific signaling pathways, which control key processes.

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Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can divide and give rise to specialized cell types.

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Induction in embryonic development

The process by which one group of cells influences the development of neighboring cells, leading to the formation of specialized tissues and organs.

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Binary induction

A type of inductive signaling where the presence or absence of a signal determines the cell's fate.

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Gradient induction

A type of inductive signaling where the concentration of a signaling molecule determines the cell's fate.

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Relay induction

A type of inductive signaling where a signal triggers a cascade of events, affecting cells in a chain reaction.

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Morphogen

A type of signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in gradient induction, influencing the development of different cell types based on its concentration.

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Genome

The set of instructions contained within a cell's DNA, which determines its potential to become different cell types.

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Selective gene transcription

The process by which specific genes are activated or silenced, leading to the expression of unique proteins and the development of different cell types.

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What proteins are found in muscle cells?

Muscle cells contain proteins called actin and myosin, which are essential for muscle contraction.

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What do pancreatic acinar cells produce?

Pancreatic acinar cells produce digestive enzymes, which break down food in the small intestine.

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What are the key components of a neuron?

Neurons, or nerve cells, use tubulin to form microtubules for transport and neurotransmitters to communicate with other cells.

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What are miRNAs and how do they work?

miRNAs are small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing its translation into protein.

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What is Dicer's role in miRNA processing?

Dicer is an enzyme that cuts double-stranded RNA into short segments, which can then be processed into miRNAs.

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What is hematopoiesis?

Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation, where stem cells differentiate into various blood cell types.

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What are hemangioblasts?

Hemangioblasts are embryonic stem cells that give rise to both blood vessels and universal blood stem cells.

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What are universal blood stem cells?

Universal blood stem cells can differentiate into two main lineages: myeloid and lymphoid precursors.

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Terminally Differentiated Cell

A cell that has lost its ability to divide and differentiate, like a mature keratinocyte.

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Differentiation Marker

A protein or molecule that marks a cell's specialization, indicating its mature state, like cytokeratins in epithelium.

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Heterotypic Cell Interaction

A process that involves direct physical contact between cells, where one cell influences the development of another, often leading to differentiation.

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Apoptosis

A form of cell death that is a normal part of development, where cells are eliminated to sculpt tissues and organs.

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MyoD gene

A master regulatory gene that controls muscle cell differentiation. It produces a transcription factor that binds to enhancers of muscle-specific genes.

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Hematopoiesis

The process of forming blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells.

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Myeloid Cells

Cells derived from myeloid stem cells that play a protective role in the immune system. Includes monocytes and granulocytes.

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Lymphoid Cells

Cells derived from lymphoid stem cells that are involved in B and T cell immunity.

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Transcription Factors

Proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA and activating or repressing transcription.

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Fibrocytes

Non-blood related cells that express both hematopoietic and fibroblast markers, capable of migrating to wound sites.

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Cytokines and Growth Factors

Factors that stimulate cell growth and differentiation.

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Nuclear Receptors

A class of compounds that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences, ultimately influencing cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism.

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Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR)

A specific type of nuclear receptor that binds to retinoic acid, a vitamin A derivative, influencing cell growth, differentiation, and development.

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Retinoid X Receptor (RXR)

A type of nuclear receptor that binds to retinoids, a class of vitamin A derivatives, influencing cell growth, differentiation, and development.

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Retinoids

A group of drugs derived from vitamin A that can influence cell growth, differentiation, and development, potentially having therapeutic applications in cancer treatment.

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Treatment of Promyelocytic Leukemia with ATRA

A type of retinoid, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), is used for treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) by inducing differentiation of the cancerous cells into mature, non-dividing cells.

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Chemoprevention with Retinoids

Retinoids, like ATRA, can be used to prevent certain cancers like skin cancer and leukoplakia by regulating cell growth and differentiation.

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Retinoids in Cancer Therapies

The use of drugs, including retinoids, to treat various types of cancers by targeting their growth and development.

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Study Notes

Cell Differentiation Control

  • Cellular differentiation is the process where cells or parts of an organism become different from one another and their previous states. It's also how cells or tissues develop the ability to execute specialized functions.
  • The transformation from zygote to adult is driven by cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis.
  • Cells interact with each other and their environment, triggering specific signaling pathways to turn "on" or "off". These pathways are critical for proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, all crucial for development.
  • Cytoplasmic determinants (maternal substances) in the egg influence early development, impacting gene expression as the zygote divides.
  • Induction is a mechanism where one cell population influences the neighboring cells' development, shaping their fate within the germ layers.
  • Embryonic stem cells (ES) are crucial for development and derive from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst.
  • Hematopoiesis is the process that produces blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells. Hemangioblasts are embryonic stem cells and universal blood stem cells that give rise to blood vessels and blood precursors. They in turn give rise to myeloid and lymphoid precursors, which differentiate into various blood cell types.
  • There are specific regulatory factors that dictate hematopoiesis. Cytokines and growth factors regulate hematopoiesis.
  • Muscle cell differentiation is controlled by master regulatory genes, like MyoD. These genes produce proteins that determine the cell's fate towards skeletal muscle. MyoD is a transcription factor that binds to enhancers of target genes, leading to the production of muscle-specific proteins.
  • Terminal differentiation means a cell has progressed along a lineage to a point where it cannot change further.
  • Cells have features that can be irreversible or reversible: Some characteristics, like cessation of DNA synthesis in keratinocytes, are irreversible while others, like re-induction of albumin synthesis in hepatocytes, are reversible.
  • Markers are used to identify differentiation, which are proteins that are a sign of terminal differentiation.. These Markers can be checked by RT-PCR or microarray.
  • Differentiation is controlled by various extracellular factors and cell-cell interactions.

Micro-RNAs

  • Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression by either degrading or inhibiting the translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs).
  • Specific mRNA are either degraded or translation is blocked.

Control of Cell Differentiation

  • Several factors control differentiation and some include genomic level control (affecting gene expression), transcription levels control (affecting mRNA expression), and the roles of extracellular factors.
  • Induction is a process in which different cell types interact to differentiate other cells. Cells from different germ layers mutually influence each other's differentiation.
  • Reciprocal paracrine interaction is an important example of mutual cell-cell interaction that plays a role in epidermal maturation.

Diseases associated with Differentiation

  • Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease where myofibroblasts differentiate into fibroblasts which results in collagen deposit in the lung.

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Cellular Differentiation - Mol & Cell Biology MD105 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on cellular differentiation and the processes involved in embryonic development. This quiz covers essential concepts such as stem cells, gene expression, and various cell types. Perfect for students studying biology or related fields.

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