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Questions and Answers
Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?
Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?
What is one of the main functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
What is one of the main functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
What gives the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) its bumpy appearance?
What gives the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) its bumpy appearance?
What is the condition of having pairs of chromosomes known as?
What is the condition of having pairs of chromosomes known as?
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Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the division of genetic material and the formation of two new nuclei?
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the division of genetic material and the formation of two new nuclei?
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Which type of endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes?
Which type of endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes?
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During which phase does the cell prepare for and complete cell division?
During which phase does the cell prepare for and complete cell division?
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What type of hormones are synthesized by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What type of hormones are synthesized by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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Which cellular organelle serves as the starting point for protein synthesis?
Which cellular organelle serves as the starting point for protein synthesis?
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What is the period of the cell cycle during which the cell is not dividing called?
What is the period of the cell cycle during which the cell is not dividing called?
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Which phase in the cell cycle involves dividing the cytoplasm into two distinctive cells?
Which phase in the cell cycle involves dividing the cytoplasm into two distinctive cells?
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What follows G1 phase for cells that will divide again?
What follows G1 phase for cells that will divide again?
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What is cellular differentiation?
What is cellular differentiation?
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What are stem cells?
What are stem cells?
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What is the characteristic of totipotent stem cells?
What is the characteristic of totipotent stem cells?
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How do stem cells differ from specialized cells?
How do stem cells differ from specialized cells?
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What happens if there is a disruption of homeostatic balance in cell division?
What happens if there is a disruption of homeostatic balance in cell division?
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Why are stem cells categorized based on their potential to differentiate?
Why are stem cells categorized based on their potential to differentiate?
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What type of stem cells are extracted from embryos and are pluripotent?
What type of stem cells are extracted from embryos and are pluripotent?
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Which type of stem cells are limited in differentiation to the types of cells found in specific tissues like bone marrow and skin?
Which type of stem cells are limited in differentiation to the types of cells found in specific tissues like bone marrow and skin?
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Where are stem cells obtained from deciduous teeth (baby teeth) classified as?
Where are stem cells obtained from deciduous teeth (baby teeth) classified as?
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What type of stem cells are genetically reprogrammed adult cells that function like embryonic stem cells?
What type of stem cells are genetically reprogrammed adult cells that function like embryonic stem cells?
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What is the primary mechanism by which genes are turned 'on' or 'off'?
What is the primary mechanism by which genes are turned 'on' or 'off'?
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What is the main goal of stem cell research mentioned in the text?
What is the main goal of stem cell research mentioned in the text?
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Which type of cells can differentiate into a number of specialized cells formed by the tissue they are part of?
Which type of cells can differentiate into a number of specialized cells formed by the tissue they are part of?
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What happens to most adult cells over time due to aging?
What happens to most adult cells over time due to aging?
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Which proteins affect the binding of RNA polymerase to specific genes on the DNA molecule?
Which proteins affect the binding of RNA polymerase to specific genes on the DNA molecule?
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What is the role of transcription factors in gene expression regulation?
What is the role of transcription factors in gene expression regulation?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
- The site of protein synthesis in the cell is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
- One of the main functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is to synthesize lipids, detoxify drugs, and regulate calcium levels.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) gets its bumpy appearance due to the presence of ribosomes attached to its surface.
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes.
Cell Cycle
- The phase of the cell cycle characterized by the division of genetic material and the formation of two new nuclei is mitosis.
- The phase where the cell prepares for and completes cell division is the M phase.
- The period of the cell cycle during which the cell is not dividing is called interphase.
- The phase that involves dividing the cytoplasm into two distinctive cells is cytokinesis.
- The G2 phase follows the G1 phase for cells that will divide again.
Cellular Differentiation and Stem Cells
- Cellular differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions.
- Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to differentiate into specialized cells.
- Totipotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a complete organism.
- Stem cells differ from specialized cells in their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types.
- Disruption of homeostatic balance in cell division can lead to cancer or other diseases.
Types of Stem Cells
- Embryonic stem cells are extracted from embryos and are pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into any cell type.
- Adult stem cells are limited in their differentiation to the types of cells found in specific tissues, such as bone marrow and skin.
- Stem cells obtained from deciduous teeth (baby teeth) are classified as mesenchymal stem cells.
- Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are genetically reprogrammed adult cells that function like embryonic stem cells.
Gene Expression Regulation
- The primary mechanism by which genes are turned 'on' or 'off' is through the binding of transcription factors to specific genes on the DNA molecule.
- Transcription factors affect the binding of RNA polymerase to specific genes on the DNA molecule, regulating gene expression.
- The main goal of stem cell research is to understand how to control cellular differentiation for therapeutic purposes.
Cellular Aging
- Most adult cells lose their ability to divide over time due to aging.
Gene Regulation
- Transcription factors play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by binding to specific genes on the DNA molecule.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cellular differentiation and stem cells by learning how generalized cells become specialized, distinguishing between categories of stem cells, and understanding the development of complex organisms from a single cell.
