57 Questions
What enzyme converts L-tyrosine to L-DOPA inside chromaffin cells?
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Which enzyme is responsible for converting dopamine to norepinephrine within chromaffin granules?
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
Where is epinephrine stored before release by pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Cytosol
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for metabolism of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the liver and kidney?
COMT
What is the main effect of stimulating alpha receptors in arterioles of most visceral organs?
Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle
Which adrenergic receptor type is responsible for increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver?
Beta1
What is the main metabolic effect of cortisol on protein metabolism?
Decreases RNA and protein synthesis
Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing the sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictors?
Cortisol
In response to stress, cortisol acts to shift metabolism from glucose to:
Fat utilization
What is the primary effect of cortisol on bone health?
Decreases bone formation
Which of the following is a common consequence of elevated cortisol levels?
Development of Diabetes Mellitus
What is the primary function of cortisol in relation to glucose metabolism?
Stimulate gluconeogenesis in the liver
How does cortisol affect fat metabolism in adipose tissue?
Enhances oxidation of fatty acids in cells
Which type of receptors does cortisol bind to in the cytosol before migrating to the nucleus?
Glucocorticoid receptors
What is the primary enzyme responsible for converting L-tyrosine to L-DOPA inside chromaffin cells?
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Which enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the liver and kidney?
Catechol-O-methyltransferases
What is the major type of adrenergic receptor that dopamine binds to?
Beta1
Which neurotransmitter is converted to epinephrine in the cytosol?
Norepinephrine
In the fight or flight response, which receptor type causes vasodilation of skeletal muscle and liver arterioles?
Beta2
What effect does the stimulation of alpha receptors have on arterioles of most visceral organs?
Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle
What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids like aldosterone?
Regulate electrolyte and water balance
Which hormone is responsible for shifting metabolism from glucose to fat utilization?
Cortisol
What is the primary effect of cortisol on bone health?
Decreases bone formation
Which of the following is NOT a main effect of cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism?
Stimulates glycogen synthesis
In response to stress, which hormone acts to prevent connective tissue synthesis and inflammation?
Cortisol
What is the significance of adrenal androgens in most animals?
Contribute significantly to libido and secondary sexual characteristics
Which of the following best describes the role of catecholamines like epinephrine during short-term stress (fight or flight response)?
Increase blood flow to skeletal muscles and elevate blood glucose levels
Which hormone is responsible for stabilizing lysosomal membranes and decreasing release of proteolytic enzymes by damaged cells?
Cortisol
What enzyme is primarily responsible for converting DHEA into testosterone in the testes or ovaries?
17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Which of the following is NOT a primary effect of cortisol on protein metabolism?
Stimulation of muscle fiber synthesis
What enzyme is responsible for converting dopamine to norepinephrine within chromaffin granules?
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
Where are epinephrine stored before release by pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Vesicles
Which adrenergic receptor type causes vasodilation of skeletal muscle and liver arterioles?
Beta-2
What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids like aldosterone?
Regulate water and electrolyte balance
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the metabolism of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the liver and kidney?
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Which hormone is responsible for stabilizing lysosomal membranes and decreasing the release of proteolytic enzymes by damaged cells?
Cortisol
What stimulates the secretion of catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine during short-term stress?
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)
Where does free cortisol bind before migrating to the nucleus to stimulate or inhibit gene expression?
Cytosol
Which hormone is primarily responsible for mobilizing fatty acids from adipose tissue?
Epinephrine
What is the main effect of cortisol on glucose metabolism in the liver?
Antagonism of insulin's inhibitory effect on gluconeogenesis
In adrenal insufficiency (Addisons Disease), what are the characteristic symptoms of a hypoactive adrenal cortex?
Decreased appetite and weight loss
Which of the following hormones contributes to the increase in visceral (abdominal) fat deposition known as 'potbelly'?
Corticosterone
What is the primary function of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) transcortin in cortisol transport?
Enhancing cortisol's binding to cell receptors
Which enzyme is responsible for converting AA from muscle into substrates for gluconeogenesis during increased cortisol release?
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
What biological response is cortisol primarily involved in maintaining when reacting to external or internal stimuli?
Homeostasis
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA inside chromaffin cells?
Tyrosine hydroxylase
When NE binds to adrenoceptors on target tissues, what is the main role of these GPCR receptors in the context of the text?
Increasing energy availability
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the conversion of NE to Epinephrine in the cytosol?
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
In the context of liver and kidney metabolism, which system primarily degrades NE and Epinephrine?
Methylation via catechol-O-methyltransferases and monoamine oxidase system
Which adrenergic receptors, when stimulated, cause vasodilation of skeletal muscle and liver arterioles?
Beta (β) receptors
What is the main effect of the stimulation of alpha receptors in the arterioles of most visceral organs?
Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle
What is the main effect of cortisol on protein metabolism?
Decreases RNA and protein synthesis
In response to stress, which hormone acts to prevent connective tissue synthesis and inflammation?
Epinephrine
What is the primary function of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) transcortin in cortisol transport?
Binds to cortisol to increase its solubility
Which enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the liver and kidney?
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Which hormone is responsible for increasing the sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictors?
Cortisol
What does cortisol primarily do to glucose metabolism in the liver?
Promotes glucose breakdown
Test your knowledge on glucocorticoids, negative feedback mechanisms of the HPA axis, effects of cortisol on metabolism, tissue response to cortisol, adrenal sex hormones synthesis, and significance. This quiz is based on VP 2024 lecture by Clara Camargo, DVM.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free