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What is the main role of cellular and systemic stress responses in mammalian cells?
What is the main role of cellular and systemic stress responses in mammalian cells?
Mammalian cells cannot respond to environmental stresses.
Mammalian cells cannot respond to environmental stresses.
False
What occurs during the time lag between stress and morphological changes in cells?
What occurs during the time lag between stress and morphological changes in cells?
There is a delay where cellular responses may not immediately reflect observed changes.
If the microenvironment fluctuations are too large or prolonged, mammalian cells will experience __________.
If the microenvironment fluctuations are too large or prolonged, mammalian cells will experience __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What kind of signals are involved in cellular adaptation to stress?
What kind of signals are involved in cellular adaptation to stress?
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Cellular aging is influenced solely by genetic factors.
Cellular aging is influenced solely by genetic factors.
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What type of plants are known for their unique mechanisms that allow them to survive extreme drought conditions?
What type of plants are known for their unique mechanisms that allow them to survive extreme drought conditions?
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The relative water content (RWC) is an important measure related to __________ in plants.
The relative water content (RWC) is an important measure related to __________ in plants.
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Match the type of plants with their characteristics:
Match the type of plants with their characteristics:
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What is the role of cell-extrinsic mechanisms in cellular responses?
What is the role of cell-extrinsic mechanisms in cellular responses?
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Abnormalities in cellular processes can lead to aging.
Abnormalities in cellular processes can lead to aging.
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What is the primary consequence of mitochondrial damage?
What is the primary consequence of mitochondrial damage?
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Ischemia can result from a decrease in the ability of blood to transport oxygen.
Ischemia can result from a decrease in the ability of blood to transport oxygen.
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What is the significance of paracrine or endocrine mediators in cellular stress response?
What is the significance of paracrine or endocrine mediators in cellular stress response?
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Name two physical agents that can damage cells.
Name two physical agents that can damage cells.
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______ and ______ are examples of chemical agents that can harm cells.
______ and ______ are examples of chemical agents that can harm cells.
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Match the following stimuli with their categories:
Match the following stimuli with their categories:
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of cell injury?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of cell injury?
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When energy-rich phosphate in the form of ATP decreases, one major consequence is _______ cell swelling.
When energy-rich phosphate in the form of ATP decreases, one major consequence is _______ cell swelling.
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Autoimmune diseases are caused by the body's immune reaction to external agents.
Autoimmune diseases are caused by the body's immune reaction to external agents.
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Which type of cellular adaptation results in an increase in cell size?
Which type of cellular adaptation results in an increase in cell size?
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Homeostasis refers to a state where cells function suboptimally.
Homeostasis refers to a state where cells function suboptimally.
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What is the term used when a normal cell undergoes transformation into a different cell type?
What is the term used when a normal cell undergoes transformation into a different cell type?
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The process where cells die due to ischemia is called __________.
The process where cells die due to ischemia is called __________.
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Match the types of cell injury with their outcomes:
Match the types of cell injury with their outcomes:
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Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a cause of cell injury?
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a cause of cell injury?
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Dysplasia refers to a normal growth pattern of cells.
Dysplasia refers to a normal growth pattern of cells.
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What happens to enzymes after cell death?
What happens to enzymes after cell death?
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What happens to ATP levels when calcium homeostasis fails?
What happens to ATP levels when calcium homeostasis fails?
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Radical oxygen species (ROS) are harmful only to DNA.
Radical oxygen species (ROS) are harmful only to DNA.
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Name one enzyme that acts as an antioxidant.
Name one enzyme that acts as an antioxidant.
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The primary defect caused by decreased ATP levels during cell injury is the opening of the ________ in mitochondria.
The primary defect caused by decreased ATP levels during cell injury is the opening of the ________ in mitochondria.
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Match the following enzymes with their functions:
Match the following enzymes with their functions:
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Which of the following stimuli can cause cell injury?
Which of the following stimuli can cause cell injury?
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Endonucleases are involved in the degradation of membrane proteins.
Endonucleases are involved in the degradation of membrane proteins.
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What is the consequence of an increased influx of Ca²⁺ during cell injury?
What is the consequence of an increased influx of Ca²⁺ during cell injury?
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What is a characteristic response of resurrection plants to water loss?
What is a characteristic response of resurrection plants to water loss?
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Non-resurrection plants exhibit signs of damage and metabolic disruption when water is lost.
Non-resurrection plants exhibit signs of damage and metabolic disruption when water is lost.
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What process is induced at the cellular level due to drought in resurrection plants?
What process is induced at the cellular level due to drought in resurrection plants?
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Resurrection plants activate protective mechanisms and repair processes through __________ signaling.
Resurrection plants activate protective mechanisms and repair processes through __________ signaling.
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What happens to the mitochondria of resurrection plants during drought?
What happens to the mitochondria of resurrection plants during drought?
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Resurrection plants do not activate any protective mechanisms during water loss.
Resurrection plants do not activate any protective mechanisms during water loss.
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What is indicated by the term 'RWC' in relation to water loss in plants?
What is indicated by the term 'RWC' in relation to water loss in plants?
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Study Notes
Cellular Adaptation to Environmental Stress
- Cellular adaptation refers to the reversible changes in cell structure or function in response to environmental stimuli.
- Homeostasis is a steady state where cells function optimally, and physiological needs are met.
- Stress, or increased demand, can lead to an inability to adapt, resulting in cell injury and, ultimately, cell death.
- Adaptation is a cellular response to various stimuli.
Types of Cellular Adaptations
- Hypertrophy: Increased size of cells.
- Hyperplasia: Increased number of cells.
- Atrophy: Decreased size and function of cells.
- Metaplasia: Transformation of one cell type into another.
- Displasia: Disordered growth and maturation of cells.
Cellular Injury Responses
- Reversible injury: Cells can recover if the injurious stimulus is removed.
- Mild injury: Cells can adapt via hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia.
- Severe injury: Cell injury progresses to irreversible injury.
- Irreversible injury: Cells cannot recover, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.
- Necrosis: Pre-programmed cell death caused by external factors.
- Apoptosis: Pre-programmed cell death caused by internal factors.
Mechanisms of Cellular Injury
- Reduced oxygen supply: Ischemia, hypoxia.
- Chemical injury: Substances damaging cell structures/functions.
- Infections: Viruses, bacteria etc.
- Immunologic responses: Reactions to foreign bodies.
- Genetic defects: Gene mutations, faulty protein synthesis.
- Nutritional imbalances: Deficiencies or excesses impacting cell functions.
- Mitochondrial damage: Loss of ATP production.
- Calcium imbalance: Imbalances affecting cellular proteins and enzymes.
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS): Increased levels damage cells.
Role of Mitochondria in Cellular Injury
- Mitochondria play a vital role in cellular ATP production.
- Mitochondrial damage leads to a reduced ATP supply and increased ROS production, subsequently impairing numerous cellular processes.
Summary of Cellular Injury
- A diverse range of factors can lead to cellular injury.
- Reversible changes are possible.
- Severe and sustained injury can lead to cell death.
- Necrosis and apoptosis are distinct processes of programmed cell death, each triggered differently and involved in distinct biological consequences.
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Description
Explore the mechanisms of cellular adaptation and the types of responses to environmental stressors. This quiz covers key concepts such as hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and cellular injury. Understand how these adaptations contribute to cell health and function.
