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Questions and Answers
What maintains the internal machinery of cells in a stable state?
What maintains the internal machinery of cells in a stable state?
What term describes the increase in muscle mass due to an increase in the size of individual muscle fibers?
What term describes the increase in muscle mass due to an increase in the size of individual muscle fibers?
What is the term for the decrease in size and function of cells leading to a smaller organ or tissue?
What is the term for the decrease in size and function of cells leading to a smaller organ or tissue?
In which situation does cell injury occur related to the limits of adaptive capacity?
In which situation does cell injury occur related to the limits of adaptive capacity?
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What is the primary goal of cellular adaptations?
What is the primary goal of cellular adaptations?
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Which of the following best defines the term 'adaptive responses'?
Which of the following best defines the term 'adaptive responses'?
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Which situation does NOT lead to cell injury due to insufficient adaptive responses?
Which situation does NOT lead to cell injury due to insufficient adaptive responses?
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which cells maintain homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which cells maintain homeostasis?
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What effect do injurious agents have on cells?
What effect do injurious agents have on cells?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a physical agent inducing cell injury?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a physical agent inducing cell injury?
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Which mechanism is primarily associated with ATP depletion in cells?
Which mechanism is primarily associated with ATP depletion in cells?
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What type of reaction can immunological responses lead to if directed against self-antigens?
What type of reaction can immunological responses lead to if directed against self-antigens?
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Which of the following nutritional imbalances can lead to cell injury?
Which of the following nutritional imbalances can lead to cell injury?
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Which of the following best describes the role of free radicals in cell injury?
Which of the following best describes the role of free radicals in cell injury?
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What kind of genetic derangement can cause sickle cell anemia?
What kind of genetic derangement can cause sickle cell anemia?
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Which cellular target is primarily affected by loss of cell membrane permeability?
Which cellular target is primarily affected by loss of cell membrane permeability?
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What characterizes reversible cell injury?
What characterizes reversible cell injury?
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Which factor is a primary cause of hypoxia?
Which factor is a primary cause of hypoxia?
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What kind of cell changes can occur due to hypoxia?
What kind of cell changes can occur due to hypoxia?
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What occurs when myocardial cells experience irreversible injury?
What occurs when myocardial cells experience irreversible injury?
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Which of the following would NOT be considered an injurious agent?
Which of the following would NOT be considered an injurious agent?
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What can excessive narrowing of the femoral artery cause?
What can excessive narrowing of the femoral artery cause?
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Which scenario best represents an irreversible cell injury?
Which scenario best represents an irreversible cell injury?
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What is a major consequence of hypoxia on cellular respiration?
What is a major consequence of hypoxia on cellular respiration?
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What physiological process primarily occurs for ATP synthesis in the presence of oxygen?
What physiological process primarily occurs for ATP synthesis in the presence of oxygen?
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Which condition triggers a switch to anaerobic glycolysis for ATP production?
Which condition triggers a switch to anaerobic glycolysis for ATP production?
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What happens to intracellular pH during ATP depletion due to anaerobic glycolysis?
What happens to intracellular pH during ATP depletion due to anaerobic glycolysis?
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What is one effect of ATP depletion on cellular calcium levels?
What is one effect of ATP depletion on cellular calcium levels?
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How is protein synthesis affected by prolonged ATP depletion?
How is protein synthesis affected by prolonged ATP depletion?
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What causes Na+ to accumulate within the cell during ATP depletion?
What causes Na+ to accumulate within the cell during ATP depletion?
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Which consequence is NOT associated with ATP depletion?
Which consequence is NOT associated with ATP depletion?
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What contributes to the unfolding or misfolding of proteins after their synthesis?
What contributes to the unfolding or misfolding of proteins after their synthesis?
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Study Notes
Cellular Injury and Adaptation
- Cells carry out specific functions based on their machinery and metabolic pathways, determined genetically
- Cells normally maintain equilibrium (homeostasis) with the external environment
- External disturbances can cause internal regulatory mechanisms to counteract the changes, leading to adaptation to maintain cell viability
- Adaptations are changes in cells to maintain viability, often involving changes in cell size or function
- Hypertrophy is an increase in muscle fiber size, which can be physiological (e.g., pregnancy) or pathological (e.g., hypertension)
- Atrophy is a decrease in cell size, often a response to decreased workload or hormonal changes
- Cell injury occurs when adaptations fail to counteract the injurious agent, or when there's no time for adaptations to occur
Types of Cell Injury
- Reversible cell injury: Cellular changes regress and disappear when the injurious agent is removed, returning to normal function
- Irreversible cell injury: Cellular alterations reach a point of no return, leading to cell death
Categorization of Injurious Agents
- Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia)
- Physical agents (e.g., trauma, heat, cold, radiation)
- Chemical agents (e.g., glucose, poisons, chemicals)
- Infectious agents (e.g., viruses, bacteria)
- Immunological reactions
- Genetic derangements
- Nutritional imbalances
Hypoxia
- Loss of blood supply (ischemia) is a common cause, often due to narrowed arteries, clots, or emboli
- Inadequate blood oxygenation (e.g., cardiac or respiratory failure)
- Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity (e.g., anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning)
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
- ATP depletion: Reduced ATP disrupts many cellular processes
- Loss of cell membrane permeability: Damaged membranes disrupt ion transport
- Accumulation of oxygen-derived free radicals (oxidative stress) damaging cellular components
- Mitochondrial damage: Disrupts cellular energy production
- Protein synthesis disruptions
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Description
Test your knowledge on cellular injury and adaptation mechanisms. This quiz covers topics such as homeostasis, types of cell injury, and the physiological and pathological responses of cells to external disturbances. Understand the concepts of hypertrophy, atrophy, and the distinction between reversible and irreversible cell injuries.
