Cellular Injury and Adaptation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What maintains the internal machinery of cells in a stable state?

  • Apoptosis
  • Endocytosis
  • Cellular senescence
  • Homeostasis (correct)

What term describes the increase in muscle mass due to an increase in the size of individual muscle fibers?

  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy (correct)

What is the term for the decrease in size and function of cells leading to a smaller organ or tissue?

  • Necrosis
  • Dysplasia
  • Atrophy (correct)
  • Hypertrophy

In which situation does cell injury occur related to the limits of adaptive capacity?

<p>When an injurious agent persists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cellular adaptations?

<p>To preserve cell viability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the term 'adaptive responses'?

<p>Physiological responses to stressors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation does NOT lead to cell injury due to insufficient adaptive responses?

<p>Gradual damage from chronic conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which cells maintain homeostasis?

<p>Excessive apoptosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do injurious agents have on cells?

<p>They induce cell injury by targeting specific cellular functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a physical agent inducing cell injury?

<p>High glucose concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily associated with ATP depletion in cells?

<p>Hypoxia or toxic chemical exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction can immunological responses lead to if directed against self-antigens?

<p>Autoimmune diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutritional imbalances can lead to cell injury?

<p>Vitamin deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of free radicals in cell injury?

<p>They accumulate and induce oxidative stress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of genetic derangement can cause sickle cell anemia?

<p>Single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular target is primarily affected by loss of cell membrane permeability?

<p>Cytoskeleton integrity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes reversible cell injury?

<p>Cellular changes regress upon removal of the injurious agent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is a primary cause of hypoxia?

<p>Loss of blood supply (ischemia). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of cell changes can occur due to hypoxia?

<p>Adaptive atrophy, injury, or necrosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when myocardial cells experience irreversible injury?

<p>The cells undergo necrosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT be considered an injurious agent?

<p>Normal physiological conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive narrowing of the femoral artery cause?

<p>Adaptive atrophy of the muscles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best represents an irreversible cell injury?

<p>Severe lack of blood for one hour leads to cell death. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of hypoxia on cellular respiration?

<p>It interferes with aerobic respiration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological process primarily occurs for ATP synthesis in the presence of oxygen?

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition triggers a switch to anaerobic glycolysis for ATP production?

<p>Oxygen lack (hypoxia) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to intracellular pH during ATP depletion due to anaerobic glycolysis?

<p>It decreases, becoming more acidic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of ATP depletion on cellular calcium levels?

<p>Failure of the calcium pump leading to increased Ca++ influx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is protein synthesis affected by prolonged ATP depletion?

<p>There is structural disruption in the protein synthesis apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes Na+ to accumulate within the cell during ATP depletion?

<p>Reduction of plasma membrane energy-dependent sodium pump activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which consequence is NOT associated with ATP depletion?

<p>Enhanced oxidative phosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the unfolding or misfolding of proteins after their synthesis?

<p>Abnormal environmental conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cellular Homeostasis

The equilibrium between a cell and its environment, maintaining internal stability through a balanced supply of materials and oxygen.

Cellular Adaptation

Changes within a cell to counteract external disturbances and maintain cell viability (preventing injury).

Hypertrophy

An adaptive response where cells increase in size and function to handle increased workload.

Physiological Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy that occurs due to normal physiological demands, like pregnancy or exercise.

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Pathological Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy caused by abnormal or disease-related conditions like high blood pressure.

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Atrophy

An adaptive response of decreased cell size and function.

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Cell Injury

Occurs when adaptive responses fail to counteract the adverse effects of harmful agents.

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Limits of Adaptive Capacity

The point where a cell's ability to adapt is exceeded, leading to injury.

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Reversible Cell Injury

Cellular changes that regress and disappear when the harmful agent is removed, allowing cells to return to normal condition.

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Irreversible Cell Injury

Cellular damage that progresses to cell death, as the injury persists or is severe.

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Hypoxia

Reduced oxygen supply to cells, commonly due to decreased blood flow (ischemia).

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Ischemia

Interruption of blood supply to a tissue or organ.

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Cell Necrosis

Morphological expression of cell death due to severe/prolonged injury.

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Oxygen Deprivation

A major cause of cell damage due to insufficient oxygen supply to tissues

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Angina Pectoris

Chest pain caused by inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle.

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Injurious Agents

Factors causing cell damage (e.g., oxygen deprivation, physical or chemical agents)

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Cell Injury Mechanisms

Harmful agents damage cells by affecting cellular processes like ATP production, membrane integrity, protein synthesis, cytoskeleton, and genetic material.

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ATP Depletion

Decreased ATP production from hypoxia or toxins leads to cell dysfunction and injury.

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Membrane Damage

Loss of cell membrane integrity results in leakage of cellular contents and swelling.

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Oxidative Stress

Accumulation of harmful oxygen-derived molecules damages cellular components.

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Mitochondrial Damage

Mitochondria malfunction disrupts energy production and cellular processes.

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Causes of Cell Injury (Physical)

Physical harm like trauma, extreme heat or cold, or radiation damages cells.

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Causes of Cell Injury (Chemical)

Harmful chemicals like high concentrations of glucose, oxygen, poisons, and pollutants damage cells.

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Causes of Cell Injury (Biological)

Infections from viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, or harmful immune responses, like hypersensitivity or autoimmunity, injure cells.

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ATP synthesis

The process of creating adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's primary energy currency.

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Oxidative phosphorylation

ATP production within mitochondria using oxygen (O2).

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Anaerobic glycolysis

ATP production without oxygen (O2).

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ATP depletion

A reduction in cellular ATP levels.

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Cellular edema

Accumulation of fluid within the cell due to Na+ retention.

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Protein Misfolding

Proteins not folding correctly, hindering proper function.

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Hypoxia

Low oxygen levels affecting a cell.

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Protein synthesis disruption

Impaired creation of proteins due to ATP shortage.

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Study Notes

Cellular Injury and Adaptation

  • Cells carry out specific functions based on their machinery and metabolic pathways, determined genetically
  • Cells normally maintain equilibrium (homeostasis) with the external environment
  • External disturbances can cause internal regulatory mechanisms to counteract the changes, leading to adaptation to maintain cell viability
  • Adaptations are changes in cells to maintain viability, often involving changes in cell size or function
  • Hypertrophy is an increase in muscle fiber size, which can be physiological (e.g., pregnancy) or pathological (e.g., hypertension)
  • Atrophy is a decrease in cell size, often a response to decreased workload or hormonal changes
  • Cell injury occurs when adaptations fail to counteract the injurious agent, or when there's no time for adaptations to occur

Types of Cell Injury

  • Reversible cell injury: Cellular changes regress and disappear when the injurious agent is removed, returning to normal function
  • Irreversible cell injury: Cellular alterations reach a point of no return, leading to cell death

Categorization of Injurious Agents

  • Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia)
  • Physical agents (e.g., trauma, heat, cold, radiation)
  • Chemical agents (e.g., glucose, poisons, chemicals)
  • Infectious agents (e.g., viruses, bacteria)
  • Immunological reactions
  • Genetic derangements
  • Nutritional imbalances

Hypoxia

  • Loss of blood supply (ischemia) is a common cause, often due to narrowed arteries, clots, or emboli
  • Inadequate blood oxygenation (e.g., cardiac or respiratory failure)
  • Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity (e.g., anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning)

Mechanisms of Cell Injury

  • ATP depletion: Reduced ATP disrupts many cellular processes
  • Loss of cell membrane permeability: Damaged membranes disrupt ion transport
  • Accumulation of oxygen-derived free radicals (oxidative stress) damaging cellular components
  • Mitochondrial damage: Disrupts cellular energy production
  • Protein synthesis disruptions

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Related Documents

Cell Injury and Adaptation PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on cellular injury and adaptation mechanisms. This quiz covers topics such as homeostasis, types of cell injury, and the physiological and pathological responses of cells to external disturbances. Understand the concepts of hypertrophy, atrophy, and the distinction between reversible and irreversible cell injuries.

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