54 Questions
What is the steady structural and functional state maintained by a normal cell known as?
Homeostasis
Which type of adaptation is exemplified by denervation atrophy of skeletal muscles?
Pathologic adaptation
What occurs if the limits of adaptive capability are exceeded, or no adaptive response is possible?
Cell injury
Which type of cells are permanently in G0 phase and unable to divide?
Neurons
Which type of cells can enter the cell cycle upon stimulation and can undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
Stable cells
Which type of cells are continuously dividing and can only undergo hyperplasia?
Labile cells
Which of the following is an example of physiologic hypertrophy?
Skeletal muscles in athletes
In which condition does physiologic hypertrophy occur?
Myometrium during pregnancy
Which of the following is an example of physiologic hypertrophy in the breast?
Ductal epithelium in the lactating breast
Which type of hypertrophy occurs in the right ventricular myocardium in chronic pulmonary diseases with increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation?
Pathologic hypertrophy
What is the cause of pathologic hypertrophy in the left ventricular myocardium in hypertension?
Increased mechanical demand
In response to which factor does pathologic hypertrophy develop in the myocardium?
Increased mechanical demand
Which pathway is activated in physiologic conditions to induce skeletal/cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to increased mechanical load?
PI3K/AKT pathway
What is the mechanism of mechanical-demand-induced hypertrophy in pathologic conditions?
G-protein-coupled receptor-initiated pathway
Which factor is involved in the activation of mechanical sensors to induce skeletal/cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to increased mechanical load?
Activation of signaling pathways
Which organelle shows an increase in size and number during hypertrophy?
Mitochondria
What structural change is associated with nuclear hypertrophy?
Increase in size of the nucleus
In hypertrophy, what undergoes an increase in size and number as a form of cellular adaptation?
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following is an example of hormone-induced hyperplasia in physiologic conditions?
Proliferation of glandular epithelium of the female breast during pregnancy
Which type of hyperplasia coincides with hypertrophy in many organs?
Physiologic hyperplasia
In which condition does smooth muscle cell hyperplasia occur?
During pregnancy
What can cause hyperplasia of the submucosal glands in the bronchial wall?
Viral infections
Which type of hyperplasia is associated with endometrial hyperplasia?
Excessive hormonal stimulation
What can lead to benign prostate hyperplasia?
Excessive hormonal stimulation
Which of the following is a characteristic of pathologic hyperplasia?
Occurs in response to abnormal stimuli
What distinguishes neoplasia from hyperplasia?
Does not respond to regulatory mechanisms
Which type of hyperplasia is reversible?
Physiologic hyperplasia
What is the mechanism involved in atrophy due to decreased protein synthesis?
Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
What is the result of atrophy involving lysosomal degradation?
Formation of autophagic vacuoles
What is the consequence of atrophy involving residual bodies containing lipofuscin?
Increased protein degradation
In the early stage of atrophy, what contributes to reduced cell size?
Decreased number and size of organelles
What is a characteristic of the advanced stage of atrophy?
Cell death (apoptosis)
What is the consequence of lipofuscin accumulation in atrophy?
Brown atrophy
Which structure undergoes physiologic atrophy during fetal development?
Notochord
Where does atrophy occur after menopause?
Endometrium and breast
Which muscle undergoes atrophy after delivery?
Myometrium
Which of the following structures undergoes physiologic atrophy during fetal development?
Notochord
After menopause, which of the following undergoes atrophy?
Endometrium
Which structure undergoes atrophy after delivery?
Myometrium
Which condition can lead to skeletal muscle atrophy?
Bone fracture
What can cause atrophy of target organs like the thyroid or adrenal glands?
Pressure atrophy
Which factor can lead to organ atrophy due to chronic ischemia?
Protein metabolism abnormalities
What is an example of pressure atrophy according to the given text?
Urolithiasis causing kidney atrophy
What can result in brain atrophy according to the given text?
Hydrocephalus
What is the consequence of obstruction to urinary flow as per the given text?
Hydronephrosis
Which condition is characterized by severe caloric deficiency leading to generalized atrophy?
Marasmus
What is the consequence of severe protein-caloric deficiency in Kwashiorkor?
Generalized edema
In which group of patients is TNF release commonly observed due to severe acute malnutrition?
Patients with cancer and chronic infectious diseases
What is the purpose of metaplasia as mentioned in the text?
To withstand the action of a harmful stimulus
What is the clinical significance of epithelial metaplasia according to the text?
It provides a background for malignant transformation
In metaplasia, replacement of one adult cell type by another occurs within which parameter as mentioned in the text?
Within the same germ layer
Which of the following is an example of metaplasia in the respiratory system?
Transformation of columnar epithelium to non-keratinizing squamous epithelium in the bronchi
What is a clinically significant example of metaplasia in the uterine cervix?
Transition of columnar epithelium to non-keratinizing squamous epithelium
Which of the following represents a metaplastic change associated with Barrett esophagus?
Non-keratinizing squamous epithelium to columnar/intestinal epithelium
Test your knowledge of cellular adaptation and injury with this quiz. Explore the concepts of homeostasis, physiological adaptation, and pathologic adaptation in response to stimuli. Get familiar with the sequence of events in cell injury and understand the limits of adaptive capacity.
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