Cellular Adaptation and Injury Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of Turner’s syndrome?

  • Extra Y chromosome in females
  • Presence of three X chromosomes
  • Only one X chromosome (correct)
  • Extra chromosome 21

    • Which condition is characterized by an extra X chromosome in males?

  • Turner’s syndrome
  • Klinefelter’s syndrome (correct)
  • Down syndrome
  • Fragile X syndrome

    • What syndrome is associated with an extra copy of chromosome 21?

  • Turner’s syndrome
  • Klinefelter’s syndrome
  • Down syndrome (correct)
  • Marfan syndrome

    • Individuals diagnosed with Turner’s syndrome commonly experience which of the following symptoms?

    <p>Delayed puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical chromosomal configuration of individuals with Turner’s syndrome?

    <p>Monosomy X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic disorder characterized by the presence of an additional chromosome 18?

    <p>Edwards syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that influences cellular adaptive changes?

    <p>The capacity of cells to undergo self-repair and regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agent includes substances like poisons and drugs that can lead to cellular adaptation?

    <p>Chemical agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of cellular adaptation?

    <p>Psychological stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for an autosomal dominant disorder to manifest?

    <p>One mutated copy of the gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of inheritance refers to the distribution of traits from parents to offspring?

    <p>Mendelian inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does inheritance of autosomal recessive disorders typically occur?

    <p>When both parents are carriers of the mutated gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is caused by a mutation in a single gene?

    <p>Sickle Cell Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tumors are characterized by their uncontrolled growth and the ability to invade surrounding tissues?

    <p>Malignant tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the TNM system primarily assess?

    <p>Tumor staging and spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of autosomal dominant disorders?

    <p>Symptoms can manifest at any age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage chance does a child have of inheriting an autosomal dominant disorder from an affected parent?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of hypoxia in tissues?

    <p>Inadequate oxygen in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction involves hypersensitivity responses affecting cellular adaptation?

    <p>Immunologic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes single-gene disorders?

    <p>They are caused by mutations in a single gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the absence or malfunction of a gene leading to metabolic issues?

    <p>Congenital disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is classified as an autosomal recessive disorder?

    <p>Cystic Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of copies of a mutated gene required for an autosomal recessive disorder to develop?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT typically involved in the development of genetic disorders?

    <p>Purely random occurrence without any genetic basis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the effects of genetic traits?

    <p>They can present at various stages of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes reversible cell injury from irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Reversible injury can be reversed when the cause is removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of necrosis?

    <p>It results in the structural evidence of cell death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to ischemia?

    <p>A critical lack of blood supply to an area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure responsible for housing the chromosomes in a cell is the:

    <p>Nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes apoptosis?

    <p>It involves the activation of enzymes to degrade cellular components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about genes is correct?

    <p>Each gene codes for a specific type of protein or enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of infarction?

    <p>Localized tissue death due to lack of blood supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do autosomes play in human genetics?

    <p>They are non-sex chromosomes affecting phenotypic traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound forms the structural basis of DNA?

    <p>Nucleotides consisting of phosphoric acid and deoxyribose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of chromosomes do humans possess?

    <p>23 pairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily a result of a single defective or mutant gene?

    <p>Sickle Cell Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of sex-linked inheritance disorders?

    <p>They are primarily linked to the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following exemplifies a chromosomal disorder?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To develop an autosomal recessive disorder, what is necessary?

    <p>Two mutated genes, one from each parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is classified as autosomal dominant?

    <p>Marfan Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the inheritance pattern of sex-linked traits?

    <p>Males are more frequently affected by X-linked recessive disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a difference between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive disorders?

    <p>Autosomal recessive disorders require two mutated genes, one from each parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about autosomal dominant disorders?

    <p>A single mutated gene from one parent is sufficient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder does not involve a chromosomal abnormality?

    <p>Huntington's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Adaptation

    • Cells adapt to stressors, including physical agents, chemical agents, microorganisms, hypoxia, genetic defects, nutritional imbalances, and immunologic reactions.
    • Adaptations are reversible changes that allow cells to survive under adverse conditions.

    Types of Cellular Injury

    • Reversible cell injury can be reversed if the stimulus or cause is removed.
    • Ischemia, a lack of blood supply, is a common cause of reversible cell injury.
    • Irreversible cell injury is not correctable, even after the stimulus is removed.
    • Infarction is localized tissue death due to lack of blood supply.
    • Necrosis is cell or tissue death with structural evidence.
    • Apoptosis is programmed cell death, also known as "clean" cell suicide, occurring in pathologic situations.

    Genetic Control of Cell Function and Inheritance

    • Nucleus contains chromosomes, genetic information carriers.
    • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes: 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome pair.
    • DNA is a long, double-stranded helical structure composed of nucleotides.
    • A gene is a DNA segment containing information for coding proteins and enzymes vital for cell function.

    Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders

    • Genetic disorders are caused by changes in gene function or chromosomal structure.
    • Single gene disorders are caused by mutations in a single gene.
    • Autosomal dominant disorders require one mutated gene copy for manifestation, with a 50% inheritance chance from an affected parent.
    • Autosomal recessive disorders require two mutated gene copies to manifest, with parents often being carriers.
    • Sex-linked inheritance disorders are always linked to the X chromosome.
    • Chromosome disorders involve changes in chromosome number or structure.
    • Monosomy X (Turner's syndrome) involves only one X chromosome.
    • Polysomy X (Klinefelter's syndrome) involves an extra X chromosome in males.
    • Trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) involves an extra copy of chromosome 21.

    Neoplasia - Terminology

    • Neoplasia refers to abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth.
    • Tumors are masses of abnormal cells.
    • Benign tumors are non-invasive and usually do not spread.
    • Malignant tumors are invasive, can spread (metastasize), and are cancerous.

    Differentiating between Benign and Malignant Tumors

    • Benign tumors:
      • Grow slowly.
      • Usually well-defined and encapsulated.
      • Do not metastasize.
      • Often named by adding "-oma" to the tissue type.
    • Malignant tumors (cancers):
      • Grow rapidly.
      • Invade surrounding tissues.
      • Metastasize.
      • Often named by adding "-carcinoma" for epithelial origin and "-sarcoma" for mesenchymal origin.

    Cancer and Carcinogenesis Process

    • Carcinogenesis is the process of cancer development.
    • It typically involves multiple genetic mutations.
    • Key steps in carcinogenesis include initiation, promotion, progression, and metastasis.

    Pathophysiology of the Malignant Process

    • Malignant cells have abnormal growth, differentiation, and metabolism.
    • They invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize to distant sites.
    • Cancer cells often express abnormal proteins and antigens.

    Tumor Staging and Grading

    • Tumor staging describes the extent of cancer spread.
    • Tumor grading assesses the degree of differentiation and aggressiveness of cancer cells.
    • The TNM system is a widely used staging system, considering tumor size (T), node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).

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    Lecture 3: Neoplasia & Genetics PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on cellular adaptation, types of cellular injury, and genetic control of cell function. This quiz covers reversible and irreversible cell injuries, including apoptosis and necrosis, as well as the basics of human genetics. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these vital biological concepts.

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