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Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following statements best represents the principles of Cell Theory?
Which of the following components is NOT typically found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What does the fluid-mosaic model describe?
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Which region of the cell is primarily responsible for genetic material storage?
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What is the main function of mitochondria in the cell?
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What are the three different types of cytoskeletal components?
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What structure directs the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division?
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Which type of cytoskeletal component is primarily responsible for cellular contraction?
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What is a key characteristic of centrioles?
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What is the main function of microvilli in epithelial cells?
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Which type of membrane junction serves to create seals between adjacent cells?
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Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins that are secreted from the cell?
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What is the main role of lysosomes within a cell?
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What distinctive appearance does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) have?
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Which function is primarily associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
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What characterizes the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
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What component is not a part of the endomembrane system?
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What happens during the interphase before Meiosis I?
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What is a key event that occurs during prophase I of meiosis?
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What is independent assortment in meiosis?
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Which statement is true regarding the outcome of meiosis II?
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What is one source of genetic variability during meiosis?
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What is the primary role of the nucleus in a cell?
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Which structure within the nucleus is responsible for ribosome production?
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Which of the following accurately describes passive transport?
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How does the nuclear membrane facilitate communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?
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What is the primary purpose of chromatin in the nucleus?
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What is a characteristic of osmosis?
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What defines the concept of selective permeability in cell membranes?
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What best describes the primary function of cilia?
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Study Notes
Cells: Definition and Functions
- Cells are the basic unit of life, discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke.
- Cell Theory established by Schleiden and Schwann states that all organisms are made of cells, cells are the smallest living units, and new cells arise from existing ones.
- Cellular functions encompass membrane transport, cell division, and the cell cycle.
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells are simpler, lack a membrane-bound nucleus, and contain genetic material in a nucleoid.
- Two types: Archaea and Bacteria.
- Eukaryotic cells are more complex, featuring a membrane-bound nucleus, organelles, and a cytoskeleton for structural support.
Anatomy of the Cell
- Cells consist of three main regions:
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
- Described by the fluid-mosaic model, allowing selective permeability.
- Specializations include microvilli (increase surface area) and membrane junctions (tight junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap junctions).
Cytoplasm Components
- Comprises the material inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus.
- Contains cytosol (fluid medium), organelles (cellular machinery), and inclusions (non-functional units).
Cytoplasmic Organelles
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, found free in cytoplasm or on rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
- Endomembrane system: Network for cellular function (includes RER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles).
- RER: Studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins for secretion.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Lipid synthesis, calcium storage, and detoxification.
Golgi Apparatus and Lysosomes
- Golgi apparatus: Modifies, packages, and transports proteins and cell wall components.
- Has two faces: cis (forming) and trans (maturing).
- Lysosomes: Digestive vesicles containing enzymes for breaking down macromolecules and clearing debris.
Mitochondria and Cytoskeleton
- Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell that utilize oxygen to convert nutrients into ATP.
- Cytoskeleton: Protein network providing structural support and facilitating movement within the cell.
- Composed of microfilaments (actin for contraction), intermediate filaments (mechanical support), and microtubules (transport and organization).
Nuclear Structure
- Nucleus: Control center contains DNA organized in three regions: nuclear membrane, nucleolus, and chromatin.
- Nuclear membrane: Double phospholipid barrier with pores for material exchange.
- Nucleoli: Sites of ribosome production.
Cellular Projections
- Not present in all cells; include cilia for moving materials and flagella for cell propulsion.
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
- Movement of substances across the plasma membrane is via passive (no energy required) and active (energy required) transport.
- Passive transport includes diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.
- Active transport includes endocytosis and exocytosis, requiring energy expenditure.
Meiosis Overview
- Meiosis includes two main stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II; both begin with DNA replication during interphase.
- Meiosis I features synapsis and crossing over for genetic diversity, independent assortment ensures random distribution of chromosomes.
- Resulting cells are haploid; completion of meiosis in females occurs upon fertilization.
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
- Mitosis results in two identical diploid cells; Meiosis results in four genetically diverse haploid cells.
- Genetic variability arises from random fertilization, crossing over, and independent assortment.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of cells, their organization, and various cellular functions such as membrane transport and cell division. Additionally, it examines the impact of cancer on individuals and society. Gain a deeper understanding of the historical context of cell discovery and the contributions of key scientists.