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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'biology' specifically refer to?
What does the term 'biology' specifically refer to?
- Study of living organisms (correct)
- Study of human anatomy
- Study of cell functions
- Study of ecosystems
Which of the following statements is included in the Modern Cell Theory?
Which of the following statements is included in the Modern Cell Theory?
- All organisms are composed of multiple cells.
- All cells have the ability to photosynthesize.
- Only human cells share genetic material.
- Energy flow occurs within cells through photosynthesis and mitochondria. (correct)
What does the phrase 'Omnis cellula e cellula' imply in the context of cell theory?
What does the phrase 'Omnis cellula e cellula' imply in the context of cell theory?
- Cells can arise from non-cellular materials.
- Every cell comes from a parent cell. (correct)
- All cells contain identical DNA.
- Cell division occurs only during reproduction.
What is a key feature of viruses according to cell theory?
What is a key feature of viruses according to cell theory?
Which statement correctly summarizes a tenet of the Classic Cell Theory?
Which statement correctly summarizes a tenet of the Classic Cell Theory?
How does genetic information pass according to the Modern Cell Theory?
How does genetic information pass according to the Modern Cell Theory?
What percentage of genetic similarity exists between a human and another human?
What percentage of genetic similarity exists between a human and another human?
Which historical figure is known for the discovery of cells?
Which historical figure is known for the discovery of cells?
What is the main function of the nucleolus?
What is the main function of the nucleolus?
Which type of RNA is involved in specifying the sequence of amino acids in proteins?
Which type of RNA is involved in specifying the sequence of amino acids in proteins?
What structure separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm?
What structure separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm?
How do ribosomes contribute to protein synthesis?
How do ribosomes contribute to protein synthesis?
What components make up the two subunits of a ribosome?
What components make up the two subunits of a ribosome?
Which of the following correctly describes the cytoplasm?
Which of the following correctly describes the cytoplasm?
What type of cells can be multinucleated?
What type of cells can be multinucleated?
What is the role of nuclear pores in the nucleus?
What is the role of nuclear pores in the nucleus?
What structure of the endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for storing powerful digestive enzymes?
What structure of the endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for storing powerful digestive enzymes?
What is a primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is a primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Which function is NOT associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Which function is NOT associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
What are the two faces of the Golgi apparatus referred to?
What are the two faces of the Golgi apparatus referred to?
Which of the following best describes phagocytosis?
Which of the following best describes phagocytosis?
Which of the following represents a function of lysosomes?
Which of the following represents a function of lysosomes?
What is the main structural characteristic of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the main structural characteristic of the Golgi apparatus?
Which component of the endomembrane system is primarily involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides?
Which component of the endomembrane system is primarily involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides?
What is the primary function of a vacuole in plant cells?
What is the primary function of a vacuole in plant cells?
What is produced as a byproduct of the oxidation process in peroxisomes?
What is produced as a byproduct of the oxidation process in peroxisomes?
Which type of plastid is responsible for the green color in plants?
Which type of plastid is responsible for the green color in plants?
What is the structure of peroxisomes primarily characterized by?
What is the structure of peroxisomes primarily characterized by?
Which compounds do leucoplasts primarily synthesize and store?
Which compounds do leucoplasts primarily synthesize and store?
What role do thylakoids play in plastids?
What role do thylakoids play in plastids?
Which of the following is NOT a type of plastid?
Which of the following is NOT a type of plastid?
What is a key function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
What is a key function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
What is the primary function of the mitochondrion?
What is the primary function of the mitochondrion?
Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for maintaining cell shape and resisting compression?
Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for maintaining cell shape and resisting compression?
Which structure acts as a selective barrier in the cell?
Which structure acts as a selective barrier in the cell?
What type of cytoskeleton component is made up of actin proteins?
What type of cytoskeleton component is made up of actin proteins?
Which part of the mitochondrion contains enzymes and mitochondrial DNA?
Which part of the mitochondrion contains enzymes and mitochondrial DNA?
Which type of cytoskeletal structure is involved in the movement of cilia and flagella?
Which type of cytoskeletal structure is involved in the movement of cilia and flagella?
How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes primarily differ?
How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes primarily differ?
What role do intermediate filaments play in the cell?
What role do intermediate filaments play in the cell?
Study Notes
Cell Theory and Cell Organelles
- Biology, derived from "Bio" (life) and "Logy" (knowledge), is fundamentally the study of life.
- Cell Theory is a foundational theory in biology outlining the properties of cells.
- Robert Hooke's discovery of cells prompted the establishment of classic Cell Theory by Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow.
Classic and Modern Cell Theory
- Classic Cell Theory posits:
- All organisms are composed of cells.
- Cells function as the basic units of life.
- All cells arise from preexisting cells ("Omnis cellula e cellula").
- Modern Cell Theory adds:
- Genetic information is transmitted via DNA or RNA.
- Cells across similar species share structural and chemical similarities.
- Energy flow within cells occurs through processes like photosynthesis.
Cellular Organelles Overview
- Organelles are membrane-bound structures within cells, suspended in cytosol—the gel-like liquid inside the cell.
Nucleus
- Serves as the information hub of the cell, housing chromosomes and nucleoli.
- Contains nuclear pores that regulate entry and exit.
- The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Types of RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA): Encodes amino acid sequences in proteins.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Combines with proteins to form ribosomal subunits.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA): Aids in assembling amino acids during protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
- Act as protein factories, found free in cytosol or attached to the rough ER.
- Composed of two subunits formed from rRNA and proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Smooth ER: Synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification of drugs.
- Rough ER: Contains ribosomes for protein synthesis and modification, also involved in membrane production.
Golgi Apparatus
- Structured as stacks of flattened membranous sacs with distinct CIS and TRANS faces.
- Modifies proteins and synthesizes polysaccharides and phospholipids for cellular transport.
Lysosomes
- Membranous sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes for digestion of cellular debris and macromolecules.
- Function in phagocytosis (digesting food) and autophagy (breaking down damaged organelles).
Vacuoles
- Large membrane-bound structures in plant cells, maintaining cell turgor pressure and storing nutrients.
- Helps in cell growth and waste disposal.
Peroxisomes
- Contain oxidation enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide.
Plastids
- Capture light energy and are vital for photosynthesis; contain chlorophyll.
- Types include chloroplasts (green), chromoplasts (pigments), and leucoplasts (store starch and oils).
Mitochondria
- Known as the powerhouse of the cell; involved in cellular respiration.
- Enclosed by double membranes, with an inner matrix that contains enzymes and mitochondrial DNA.
Plasma Membrane
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; serves as a selective barrier for substances entering and exiting the cell.
Cytoskeleton
- Provides structural support, maintain cell integrity, facilitates motility, and aids in cell division.
- Types include:
- Microtubules: Maintain shape and structure; involved in organelle positioning and cell division.
- Microfilaments: Composed of actin, essential for muscle movement and cellular division.
- Intermediate filaments: Provide tensile strength and help anchor organelles.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- Both cell types share DNA as genetic material and utilize ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes possess a more complex structure, including a plasma membrane and potentially cell walls.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of Cell Theory and the various organelles that make up cells in this quiz. Learn about the historical figures who contributed to Cell Theory and the key functions of different cellular components. Test your understanding of both classic and modern perspectives of cellular biology.
