Cell Structures Quiz

Study Notes

Cell Structures

Cells are the basic units of life. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
Cells contain various structures called organelles, each with a specific function.
Plasma membrane: Separates the cell's interior from the external environment, controlling what enters and exits.
Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance filling the cell, containing organelles and their contents.
Nucleus (eukaryotic cells only): Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins. Found in all cells.
Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, responsible for energy production (ATP). Found in eukaryotic cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes that digest waste materials and cellular debris.
Vacuoles: Storage compartments for water, nutrients, and waste products. Larger in plant cells.
Chloroplasts (plant cells only): Site of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.
Cell wall (plant cells and some prokaryotes): Outer layer providing support and protection. Provides structural support and shape.
Cytoskeleton: Network of protein filaments giving the cell shape, support, and allows movement. Important for transport within the cell.

Cell Jobs/Functions

Cells perform specific functions according to their structure and the organelles they contain.
Examples: Muscle cells for movement, nerve cells for communication, epithelial cells for lining surfaces, and blood cells for transport and defence. Specialized cells perform diverse jobs.
Specialized cells work together in tissues, organs, and organ systems to perform complex tasks. The coordination of diverse cells is essential for complex functions.
Cells maintain homeostasis by regulating their internal environment.

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes: Simple, single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. DNA is in the cytoplasm. Bacteria and archaea. Prokaryotic cells are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotes: Complex, single-celled or multicellular organisms with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. DNA in the nucleus. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Eukaryotic cells display a higher level of complexity and specialization.
Key distinguishing features: nuclear membrane, membrane-bound organelles, and DNA packaging. Prokaryotes are typically smaller than eukaryotes.

Characteristics of Life

Organization: Living things exhibit a complex hierarchical structure from atoms to molecules to cells to tissues, organs, and eventually organisms. Exhibit a highly organized structure.
Metabolism: The sum of all chemical processes occurring within an organism. This includes using energy and building/breaking down materials. Metabolism powers all life functions.
Reproduction: The ability to produce offspring, either sexually or asexually. Reproduction ensures the continuation of life.
Growth and Development: Increase in size and complexity over time. Growth and development are key features of life.
Response to stimuli: Living things respond to changes in their environment. Living organisms adapt to environmental changes.
Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment. Crucial to maintain optimal conditions for cellular and bodily functions. Homeostasis is essential for survival.
Adaptation: A consistent change in response to an environment by an organism, over multiple generations. Adaptations enable organisms to survive.
Evolution: Descent with modification of species over time, driven by natural selection. Evolution explains the diversity of life.

Description

Test your knowledge on the basic units of life by exploring the functions and components of cell organelles. Understand how structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes contribute to cellular processes. This quiz provides a comprehensive overview of essential cell biology concepts.