Cell Biology Quiz Basics

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Questions and Answers

Which of these cell organelles is responsible for producing ATP, the energy currency of the cell?

Mitochondria (correct)

Golgi Apparatus

Nucleus

Ribosomes

What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus in a cell?

Breaking down waste products

Producing proteins

Storing genetic information

Packaging and transporting cellular products (correct)

Which of these cell organelles contains DNA, the cell's genetic material?

Ribosomes

Lysosomes

Mitochondria

Nucleus (correct)

Which part of the cell is responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) are there, and what are their respective functions?

Rough ER: Processes proteins, Smooth ER: Processes fats (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes within a cell?

They break down waste products and cellular debris. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is the nervous system similar to a texting service for the body?

It rapidly transmits electrical signals to control bodily functions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

To transport essential materials throughout the body (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes requires energy (ATP)?

Active Transport (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a boundary organ?

Intestines (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the lungs in the respiratory system?

Exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of negative feedback in the body?

Shivering to warm up (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of protein channels in facilitated diffusion?

Helping large molecules pass through the cell membrane (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a stage of development?

Reflex (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is responsible for deciding the response in a reflex arc?

Central Processor (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does Osmosis work?

Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ectoderm germ layer?

Makes skin and brain (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'blastula' refer to in embryonic development?

A hollow ball of cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid compartment includes the watery part of your blood?

Extracellular Fluid (ECF) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the germ layers forms the muscles and bones of the body?

Mesoderm (C) Signup and view all the answers

What compartment of fluid is described as the water inside your cells?

Intracellular Fluid (ICF) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the mesoderm germ layer?

Creates the skeletal system (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the endoderm in embryonic development?

Develops the respiratory and digestive systems (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of interstitial fluid?

Fluid between the cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is primarily involved in absorption and secretion?

Simple columnar (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is characterized by a loosely packed matrix with many cells?

Loose areolar connective tissue (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and striated with intercalated discs?

Cardiac muscle (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone tissue?

Maintain bone structure (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which membrane lines joints and secretes fluid to reduce friction?

Synovial membrane (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue is known for having a low blood supply and being flexible but firm?

Cartilage (C) Signup and view all the answers

During which process does mesenchyme transform into different types of connective tissues?

Mesenchymal differentiation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelial tissue is best suited for protection against wear and tear?

Stratified squamous (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is primarily responsible for bone resorption?

Osteoclasts (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of junction is responsible for holding cells together tightly to create a barrier?

Tight junctions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of blood in the context of connective tissue?

Carries nutrients and waste (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of epithelial cell based on shape?

Dermatocellular (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the periosteum?

Supports bone growth and repair (B) Signup and view all the answers

Endochondral ossification primarily leads to the formation of which type of bone?

Long bones (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Epithelial Tissue

Found in skin, inside the mouth, stomach lining, intestines, lungs, and bladder
Covers body surfaces and lines organs
Functions include absorbing, secreting, and protecting
Types include simple squamous (flat, thin, lining lungs and blood vessels), simple cuboidal (helps filter and release substances; found in kidneys and glands), simple columnar (absorbs nutrients and secretes mucus; in stomach and intestines), pseudostratified columnar (secretes mucus, has cilia for movement; in respiratory tract), stratified squamous (protects from wear and tear, old cells above new; in skin, mouth, vagina, esophagus), stratified cuboidal (secretes substances, more protection than simple cuboidal; in sweat glands), and stratified columnar (protects and secretes, rare; in male urethra and some gland ducts)
Also includes transitional epithelium (stretches, can change shape; in bladder)
Cells are tightly packed, forming barriers
Rapidly regenerates
Forms glands (sweat and mucus)
Gland cells cannot be squamous

Cell Junctions

Tight junctions: Seals cells together to make a watertight seal
Gap junctions: Small holes/gaps between cells that allow ions to move, facilitating cell communication (in stomach and intestines)
Desmosomes: Strong connections between cells (like Velcro); in the skin
Hemidesmosomes: Attach cells to basement membrane

Membranes

Mucous membranes: Line areas exposed to the outside environment (mouth, nose)
Serous membranes: Line closed body cavities (around heart and lungs), reducing friction
Cutaneous membrane: Skin; protects the body
Synovial membrane: Lines joints, secretes fluid to reduce friction (ex: reduces friction).

Connective Tissue

Types include loose connective tissue (loosely-packed, few cells; ex: loose areolar, adipose (fat storage)) and dense connective tissue (makes tendons and ligaments strong).
- Regular Dense CT (lined up collagen, no blood vessels)
- Irregular Dense CT (very strong, intertwinded, resists many directions)
Cartilage (firm, flexible, low blood supply): Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
Bone (hard, strong): Compact bone, spongy bone
Blood (fluid tissue): plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets

Muscular Tissue

Skeletal muscle: Voluntary, moves bones (looks striated, long cells, multiple nuclei)
Cardiac muscle: Involuntary, pumps blood (looks striated, single nucleus, intercalated discs)
Smooth muscle: Involuntary, moves food/blood. (no striations, single nucleus)

Nerve Tissue

Neurons: Send signals; dendrites receive signals; axons send signals; cell body controls neuron
Glial cells: Support neurons, provide nutrients, remove waste, protect neurons (neuroglia)

Bone Formation

Intramembranous ossification: Forms flat bones (skull, clavicle) through the development of ossification centers, secretion and calcification of osteoids, forming trabeculae, the development of compact and spongy bone.
Endochondral ossification: Forms most bones; begins with a hyaline cartilage model, perichondrium turns into periosteum, condrocytes get larger and trigger calcification, blood vessels invade with osteoblasts and osteoclasts, osteoblasts replace cartilage, secondary ossification centers form at the epiphyses, and articular cartilage remains.

Bone Growth

Interstitial growth (epiphyseal plate): Cartilage cells divide and grow, lengthening the bone until the growth plate closes
Appositional growth: Osteoblasts add bone tissue to the outer surface of the bone, increasing bone width

Bone Hormones

Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Pulls calcium from bones into the blood if blood calcium levels are too low
Calcitonin: Puts calcium in bones when there is too much calcium in blood (when blood calcium levels are too high)
Vitamin D: Helps the body absorb calcium from food

Fracture Repair

Hemoatoma formation (early stages)
Soft callus formation (cartilage + collagen)
Hard callus formation (temporary bony collar until ossification)
Bone remodeling.

Summary of Skeletal System

Skeletal system provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production
Bones are made of compact bone (dense outer layer) and spongy bone (porous inner layer).
Bone cells include osteoblasts (build bone), osteocytes (maintain bone tissue), osteoclasts (resorb bone), and osteogenic cells (stem cells).
Bone growth is controlled by hormones, genetics, and physical activity, and has stages (interstitial and appositional.)
Fractures heal in stages.

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Description

Test your knowledge on cell organelles and their functions in this informative quiz. Topics include ATP production, Golgi apparatus, DNA storage, protein synthesis, and more. Perfect for biology students wanting to solidify their understanding of cellular structures and systems.