Cell Structures and Fungal Traits Quiz

Nucleus = No equivalent in prokaryotes Mitochondria = No equivalent in prokaryotes Endoplasmic Reticulum = No equivalent in prokaryotes Ribosomes = Present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Septate or Aseptate Hyphae = Different types of fungal filaments Mycelium = Vegetative part of a fungus O2 Requirements = Different oxygen needs of fungi Optimal pH = Preferred pH range for fungal growth

Zygomycetes = Fungi with sexual and asexual reproduction Ascomycetes = Fungi that produce spores in sacs Basidiomycetes = Fungi that produce spores on basidia Deuteromycetes = Fungi with no known sexual reproduction

<p>Systemic Mycoses = True fungal infections Superficial / Cutaneous / Subcutaneous Mycoses = Infections caused by dermatophytes Opportunistic Mycoses = Infections in immune-compromised individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ciliata = Protozoans with cilia Mastigophora = Protozoans with flagella Sarcodina = Protozoans that move using pseudopodia Sprozoans (Apicomplexa) = Protozoans with complex life cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platyhelminthes = Flatworms Cestodes = Tapeworms Trematodes = Flukes Nematodes = Roundworms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular Structure = Different types of cell organization in helminths O2 Requirements = Different oxygen needs of helminths Lifestyle/Energy Requirements = Different energy sources and lifestyles of helminths Types of Reproduction = Different reproductive strategies in helminths</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular Structure = Different types of cell organization in protozoans O2 Requirements = Different oxygen needs of protozoans Life Cycle = Different stages and modes of reproduction in protozoans Protective Structures = Structures that protect protozoans from harsh environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schizogony = Asexual reproduction by multiple fission Trophozoite = The active, feeding stage of a protozoan Definitive Host = The host in which a parasite reaches sexual maturity Hermaphroditic = Possessing both male and female reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endosymbiosis = Theory that certain organelles originated as free-living bacteria Membrane In-folding = Process by which certain organelles originated Fungi = Eukaryotes that are heterotrophic and have cell walls Protozoans = Unicellular eukaryotes with diverse modes of nutrition and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generation time = The time it takes for a population to double Lag phase = The period of little or no cell division in a microbial growth curve Exponential growth phase = The period of maximum growth rate in a microbial growth curve Stationary phase = The period in a microbial growth curve when the number of live cells equals the number of dead cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plate counts (cfus) = A method that involves spreading a diluted sample of bacteria over an agar plate Most probable number (MPN) = A statistical method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms in a sample Direct microscopic count = A method that involves counting the number of cells in a known volume under a microscope Turbidity (spectrophotometer) = A method that measures the cloudiness of a sample, which is proportional to the microbial population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobe = An organism that requires oxygen to live Anaerobe = An organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen Facultative anaerobe = An organism that can survive with or without oxygen Microaerophile = An organism that requires a low level of oxygen to survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photoautotrophs = Organisms that use light energy and carbon dioxide as their primary sources of energy and carbon Chemoautotrophs = Organisms that use inorganic chemicals as their energy source and carbon dioxide as their carbon source Photoheterotrophs = Organisms that use light energy but cannot convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds Chemoheterotrophs = Organisms that obtain energy and carbon from organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optimal = The conditions that promote the most rapid growth of an organism Cardinal = The range of values for a physical or chemical factor at which an organism can survive Minimum = The lowest value of a physical or chemical factor that an organism can tolerate Maximum = The highest value of a physical or chemical factor that an organism can tolerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasite = An organism that lives at the expense of a host organism Symbiont = An organism that lives in a mutually beneficial relationship with another organism Saprophyte = An organism that obtains nutrients from dead organic matter Commensalist = An organism that benefits from another organism without harming or helping it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Free-living = Organisms that do not rely on other organisms for food or a place to live Antagonist = An organism that competes with or inhibits the growth of another organism Synergist = An organism that benefits from the presence of other organisms Omnivore = An organism that eats both plants and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing media = A type of culture media that contains substances that remove oxygen Anaerobic chambers = Enclosed containers that are used to create an oxygen-free environment for the growth of anaerobic bacteria Capnophile = An organism that grows best at higher CO2 tensions than are normally present in the atmosphere Growth factors = Substances that are required by certain microorganisms for growth but cannot be synthesized by the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Log death phase = The period in a microbial growth curve when the number of cells dying is greater than the number of cells dividing Mn++ or peroxidases = Enzymes used by some organisms as an alternative to detoxify oxygen Psychrophiles = Organisms that can grow at very low temperatures, typically below 15°C Halophiles = Organisms that require high salt concentrations for growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H, N, P &amp; S = Elements that most microbes get from organic and inorganic compounds Trace elements &amp; minerals = Elements that are required by microorganisms in small amounts Growth factors = Organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an organism and are required for growth Media = Substances that are used to grow and culture microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral envelope = An outer, protective layer of some viruses, composed of a lipid bilayer T-Even phage = A type of bacteriophage with a complex structure, consisting of a polyhedral head and a helical tail Lytic cycle = A viral replication cycle in which the virus takes over the host cell's machinery to produce new viruses, causing the host cell to burst CPEs = Cytopathic effects, or visible signs of viral infection on a host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA Polymerase 3 = An enzyme involved in DNA replication, which adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand Transcription = The process of synthesizing an RNA molecule from a DNA template Double helix = The structure of DNA, consisting of two strands that are twisted around each other Mutation = A change in the DNA sequence, which can result in a change in the organism's traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotes = Microorganisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles Generation time = The time it takes for a population of microorganisms to double in number Microbial growth curve = A graph that represents the growth of a microbial population over time Recombinant = An organism or cell that contains genetic material from another organism, resulting from a recombination event</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virus = A small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms Obligate parasite = An organism that can only survive and reproduce by living inside another organism Polyhedral virus = A virus with a geometrically regular shape, such as a icosahedron Lysogenic cycle = A viral replication cycle in which the virus integrates its DNA into the host cell's DNA and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GCATU = The four nucleotides found in RNA, representing the bases guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil Replication fork = The point at which the two strands of DNA separate and new DNA synthesis occurs Anti-parallel = The arrangement of the two strands of DNA, with one running in the 5' to 3' direction and the other in the 3' to 5' direction Semi-conservative = The mechanism of DNA replication, in which each new DNA molecule consists of one strand from the original DNA molecule and one newly synthesized strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbe = A microorganism, especially a bacterium causing disease or fermentation Inducible operon = An operon that is usually turned off but can be turned on in the presence of a specific molecule Lac Operon = An operon that controls the metabolism of lactose in E. coli Mutation = A change in the DNA sequence, which can result in a change in the organism's traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral envelope = An outer, protective layer of some viruses, composed of a lipid bilayer T-Even phage = A type of bacteriophage with a complex structure, consisting of a polyhedral head and a helical tail Lytic cycle = A viral replication cycle in which the virus takes over the host cell's machinery to produce new viruses, causing the host cell to burst CPEs = Cytopathic effects, or visible signs of viral infection on a host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA Polymerase 3 = An enzyme involved in DNA replication, which adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand Transcription = The process of synthesizing an RNA molecule from a DNA template Double helix = The structure of DNA, consisting of two strands that are twisted around each other Mutation = A change in the DNA sequence, which can result in a change in the organism's traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotes = Microorganisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles Generation time = The time it takes for a population of microorganisms to double in number Microbial growth curve = A graph that represents the growth of a microbial population over time Recombinant = An organism or cell that contains genetic material from another organism, resulting from a recombination event</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virus = A small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms Obligate parasite = An organism that can only survive and reproduce by living inside another organism Polyhedral virus = A virus with a geometrically regular shape, such as a icosahedron Lysogenic cycle = A viral replication cycle in which the virus integrates its DNA into the host cell's DNA and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disinfection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers