Fun with Fungal Structures

Unicellular, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles = Monera (Bacteria) DNA in a membrane-bound organelle called the nucleus, mostly aquatic = Protista (Protoctista) Cell wall made of chitin, large permanent vacuole, no chloroplasts = Fungi Cell walls made of cellulose, large permanent vacuole, contain chloroplasts = Plantae (Plants)

Escherchia coli, Treponema pallidum, Staphylococcus aureus, Cyanobacteria = Monera (Bacteria) Amoeba, Paramoecium, Euglena, Algae = Protista (Protoctista) Mushrooms, Rhizopus, Athlete’s Foot, Mould, Yeast = Fungi Ferns, Spruce Trees, Daffodils, Roses = Plantae (Plants)

Unicellular, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles = Bacteria DNA in a membrane-bound organelle called the nucleus, mostly unicellular = Protista Cell wall made of chitin, the cells have a large permanent vacuole, their cells have no chloroplasts = Fungi They are multicellular, they have no cell wall, they have no chloroplasts, they have no large permanent vacuole = Animals

<p>Cell Wall = Made of sugars and protein. Its purpose is to protect the bacteria from mechanical damage and osmotic rupture Plasmid = Found in the cytoplasm. Contain genetic information. Plasmids replicate inside a bacterium Nucleoid = Contains the genomic DNA Flagellum = Allow the bacteria to move</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cocci = Spheres that can occur singularly or in various groupings Bacilli = Rods that can occur singularly or in various groups. Some have flagella Spirillum = Spirals that can be tightly coiled or slightly coiled. Some have flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lag phase = In this phase, the bacteria are adjusting to their surroundings and preparing for reproduction Log phase = Reproduction begins and the population can grow exponentially Stationary phase = Competition occurs as resources are now in limited supply, and death rate equals reproductive rate Death or decline phase = Toxic waste is so concentrated that the death rate exceeds reproductive rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthetic = Have the ability to make their own food by photosynthesis, using sunlight as their source of energy Chemosynthetic = Obtain their energy from other chemical reactions and not light Saprophytic organisms = Live by digesting dead organic material and this causes the material to decay Parasitic bacteria = Live in or on another species and cause them harm. They are responsible for many human, animal, and plant diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhizopus = Fungus Amoeba = Protista Escherchia coli = Monera Bacteria = Monera</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endospore = A thick, resistant wall that surrounds the new DNA in a bacterial cell Parasitic Nutrition = Type of nutrition used by bacteria where they consume smaller organisms Saprophytic Nutrition = Type of nutrition used by bacteria where they feed on dead organic matter Agar = A substance used in the laboratory as a medium for the growth of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhizopus = Sexual and Asexual Yeast = Asexual Bacteria = Asexual Amoeba = Asexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell Wall = Outermost layer of the cell Cell Membrane = Lies just inside the cell wall Capsule = Outermost layer, but not present in all bacteria Plasmid = Floating in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhizoids = Branched hyphae which penetrate the food source anchoring the fungus Sporangiophore = These are hyphae that arise unbranched from rhizoid tufts. They enlarge at the tip to form spherical sporangia Columella = A cross wall which pushes up into sporangium from below. They separate spores from the sporangiophore Spores = Small, black, light, asexual reproductive structures. Spores can be transported by wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yeast = A unicellular fungus that obtains its minerals and requirements from sugar-rich solutions Zymase = An enzyme produced by yeast that is used to speed up the reaction of breaking down glucose Asexual Reproduction in Yeast = Carried out by budding. A bud forms at one end of the and the nucleus and the vacuole of the parent cell split in two Pseudomycellium = If food is plentiful, buds can form at both ends of a yeast cell, and buds can form on buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asexual Reproduction = The tip of the sporangiophore swells to form a columella and this is cut off from the sporangiophore by a structure called the apophysis. The columella produces numerous haploid spores by mitosis, and these are held in the sporangium Sexual Reproduction = Occurs when hyphae of two different strains of Rhizopus grow side by side. The process involves the fusion of nuclei from each of the gametangia to form diploid zygotes Zygospore Formation = The wall thickens and forms a resistant zygospore. The zygospore is able to withstand adverse conditions and will germinate once it finds suitable conditions Asexual Reproduction in Yeast = Carried out by budding. A bud forms at one end of the and the nucleus and the vacuole of the parent cell split in two</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yeast = Used to produce alcohol Penicillium Roquefort = Used to flavor cheese Penicillium notatum = Led to the production of penicillin Parasitic fungi = Can cause diseases like Athlete’s Foot, Thrush, Ringworm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Batch Process = A fixed amount of nutrients and microorganisms are added to the bioreactor at the start. Growth is allowed up to a certain point, the bioreactor is emptied, and the product is extracted. Continuous Process = Nutrients are continuously added to the bioreactor. Once the bioreactor is set up, spent medium and products are continuously removed. This also allows for a continuous yield of product. Fungi = They are classed as Eukaryotic organisms and obtain their nourishment by breaking down plant and animal material. Rhizopus = The black bread mould, a haploid organism that commonly appears on stale bread and rotting fruit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH = Denatures bacterial enzymes in an unsuitable condition. Oxygen concentration = Most bacteria are anaerobic, so keeping oxygen out of their environment is important. Availability of nutrients = An excess of nutrients must be kept available at all times to supply all the materials for growth and reproduction. Availability of water = Water is essential for bacterial growth. If water is removed, the bacteria will die.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beneficial Bacteria = They are used in the production of yoghurt and cheese, manufacture of antibiotics, and nutrient recycling in soil. Harmful Bacteria = They can cause human diseases and food spoilage. Antibiotics = They are substances made by microorganisms that kill microorganisms, and are used to control pathogenic organisms. Antibiotic Resistance = It means not being killed by antibiotics, and is caused by overuse, failure to complete the course, and antibiotic residues in food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypha = Microscopically thin threads that permeate through the substance fungi grow on. Mycelium = A collection of hyphae. Saprophytic = Most fungi obtain their nourishment by breaking down plant and animal material. Parasitic = Some fungi cause harm to the organism they feed off and live on.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectoplasm = A thick jelly-like material that forms a thin layer just inside the cell membrane Endoplasm = A more fluid, jelly-like material that fills the rest of the cell. The cell organelles are suspended in the Endoplasm. The endoplasm is also involved in movement. Contractile Vacuole = Eliminates excess water which comes as a by-product of respiration, or which enters the cell by osmosis Pseudopodia = Structures by which Amoeba achieves movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmoregulation = The process by which cells regulate the concentration of water within the cell Phagocytosis = The process by which Amoeba feeds. A layer of cell membrane surrounds the food particle, and it is taken into the endoplasm, forming a structure called a food vacuole. One or more lysosomes from the cytoplasm fuse with the food vacuole and supply the digestive enzymes to break down the food. The products are then adsorbed through the membrane into the cytoplasm. Undigested food is left behind as the food vacuole moves to the edge of the cell in a process called egestion. Binary Fission = The process by which Amoeba reproduces. When Amoeba reaches a certain size, it withdraws its pseudopodia and becomes rounder in shape. The nucleus divides in two and the two nuclei move apart. The cytoplasm between the two nuclei divides in two in such a way that a nucleus is enclosed in each half. This results in two identical daughter cells and takes approximately 30 minutes. Amoeboid Motion = The type of motion exhibited by Amoeba. Once the pseudopodia appear, the endoplasm flows into them, causing Amoeba to move in that direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi and Animalia = Fungi have cell walls made from chitin Plantae and Fungi = Plants have chloroplasts Animalia and Monera = Animals have membrane-bound organelles Protista and Animalia = Protistans have contractile vacuoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flaming equipment by passing through a Bunsen flame = A method to sterilize equipment Keep all experiments in sealed containers = A method to prevent contamination Minimise all openings in terms of size and duration = A method to prevent contamination Dispose of all sterilised material in the waste bin = A method to prevent contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers