Cell Structures and Functions

• The nucleus is the control center of a cell.
• Mitochondria produce energy for the cell.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
• The Golgi apparatus packages and transports proteins.
• The cell wall supports the structure of plant cells.
• Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance inside cells.
• Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
• Vacuoles in plant cells store water and nutrients.
• Materials enter and exit the cell through the cell membrane.
• Lysosomes break down waste and old cell parts.
• Structures found in plant cells but not animal cells include the cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuole.
• Plant cells have larger vacuoles than animal cells.
• Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis.
• Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria.
• Ribosomes are responsible for making proteins.
• The nucleus is not present in all cells; prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.
• Endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins and lipids.
• Centrioles help with cell division in animal cells.
• All cells have a plasma membrane.
• Chloroplasts absorb sunlight in plant cells.

Digestive System

• The digestive system breaks down food for energy.
• Digestion begins in the mouth.
• The liver produces bile.
• Bile is stored in the gallbladder.
• Amylase is the enzyme that breaks down starch.
• The small intestine absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.
• The stomach uses mechanical and chemical digestion.
• The large intestine removes water from digested food.
• Hydrochloric acid helps digest food in the stomach.
• The pancreas is responsible for producing insulin.

Respiratory System

• The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).
• Lungs are responsible for breathing.
• The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea.
• Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
• The diaphragm is the muscle that helps with breathing.
• The trachea leads to the lungs, not the stomach.
• We inhale oxygen.
• We exhale carbon dioxide.
• Mucus in the respiratory system traps dust and pathogens.
• The brainstem/Medulla Oblongata controls breathing rate.

Circulatory System

• The function of the circulatory system is to transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
• The heart is the main organ of the circulatory system.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
• Veins carry blood back to the heart.
• Capillaries allow gas exchange with tissues.
• The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood.
• Red blood cells/hemoglobin carry oxygen in the blood.
• The circulatory system works with the respiratory system.
• O- is the universal blood donor.
• Plasma is the liquid part of blood.