Cell Biology Quiz: Cell Walls and Organelles

The outer living boundary of a cell, responsible for regulating what enters and exits.

A rigid, protective layer found outside the plasma membrane in plant cells, prokaryotes, and fungi. It provides structural support and protection.

The primary cell wall is the first layer formed during cell growth and division. It's thin and flexible, allowing the cell to expand.

The middle lamella is the layer that glues adjacent plant cells together. It's made of pectin, a sticky substance.

The secondary cell wall is formed after the primary wall. It's thicker and stronger, providing additional support and rigidity.

The cell wall in plants is made of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate.

The cell walls in prokaryotes are made of peptidoglycan, a unique molecule.

The cell walls in fungi are made of chitin, a strong, flexible polymer.

The less viscous, inner part of cytoplasm closer to the nucleus.

The more viscous, outer layer of cytoplasm near the plasma membrane.

The circular streaming movement of cytoplasm driven by microfilaments.

The metabolic hub of a cell, where many reactions occur.

Cytoplasm can store useful compounds for the cell.

Discrete structures within the cytoplasm responsible for specific functions.

A network of interconnected membrane-bound sacs extending throughout the cytoplasm.

ER with ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis.

ER without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Small, granular, non-membrane bound structures involved in protein synthesis.

A structure in eukaryotic ribosomes composed of two subunits.

A chain of multiple ribosomes attached to a single mRNA molecule.

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs involved in processing and packaging cell secretions.

The side of the Golgi complex where vesicles from the ER arrive.

The side of the Golgi complex where modified products are packaged into vesicles.

A fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, proposing a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

A protein embedded in the plasma membrane forming a channel for the passage of molecules across the membrane.

Proteins in the plasma membrane that bind to specific molecules, triggering a response within the cell.

Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that have enzymatic activity, catalyzing specific reactions within the cell.

Proteins that act as carriers, binding to molecules and transporting them across the plasma membrane.

The region of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane, containing various organelles and the cytosol.

The living substance within a cell, including the cytoplasm and nucleus.

A complex network of protein fibers found in eukaryotic cells, providing structural support and facilitating movement within the cell.

The movement of substances across the plasma membrane, vital for obtaining nutrients, excreting waste, and maintaining the cell's internal environment.

A type of lipid with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, forming the basis of the plasma membrane.

A molecule embedded in the plasma membrane that helps regulate fluidity and maintain structural integrity.

A component of the plasma membrane often attached to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids), and involved in cell recognition and interaction.

A combination of a protein and a carbohydrate molecule, often found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.

Food vacuoles are formed in animal cells by engulfing food particles through phagocytosis.

Contractile vacuoles, found in some freshwater protists, pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable internal environment.

Many small vacuoles in young plant cells can store important organic compounds like sugars and proteins.

In mature plant cells, a large central vacuole forms, primarily responsible for maintaining turgor pressure and acting as a storage reservoir.

The solution within the central vacuole, called cell sap, is the main reservoir of inorganic ions like potassium and chloride in plant cells.

The membrane surrounding the vacuole, separating it from the cytoplasm, is called the tonoplast.

Mitochondria are present in all eukaryotic cells and are responsible for cellular respiration, the process generating ATP from food.

The outer membrane of a mitochondrion is smooth and porous due to the presence of porins, allowing molecules to pass through freely.

The inner mitochondrial membrane is selectively permeable and folded into cristae, increasing surface area for ATP production.

F0-F1 particles, also known as ATP synthase enzymes, are located on the inner surface of the cristae in mitochondria.

The space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes is called the intermembrane space.

The mitochondrial matrix, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains a small circular DNA molecule, ribosomes, and enzymes.

Plastids are found in plant and algal cells and are crucial for photosynthesis, food storage, and other essential processes.

Proplastids are young, immature plastids that can develop into leucoplasts or chloroplasts based on their environment.

Leucoplasts are colorless plastids found in storage tissues, such as roots and seeds.

A single-membraned spherical sac that contains hydrolytic enzymes, responsible for breaking down cellular waste and ingested materials.

Lysosomal enzymes are produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and then transported to the Golgi apparatus for modification and packaging.

The process by which lysosomes engulf and digest worn-out organelles or cellular debris within the cell.

The process by which a lysosome fuses with a food vacuole, creating a secondary lysosome, where the food is broken down.

A type of programmed cell death where lysosomes burst, releasing their enzymes and causing the cell to break down.

Lysosomal storage diseases occur when a particular lysosomal enzyme is missing or inactive, causing the accumulation of undigested substances in the cell, often leading to health issues.

Tay-Sachs disease is a lysosomal storage disease where a specific lipid-digesting enzyme is missing, leading to a buildup of lipids in the brain and severe neurological dysfunction.

Single-membraned, vesicular structures that contain oxidative enzymes and originate from the Golgi complex.

Peroxisomes are involved in the detoxification of alcohol, oxidizing it into hydrogen peroxide, which is then broken down by the enzyme catalase.

Peroxisomes are abundant in liver cells due to their role in alcohol detoxification.

Glyoxysomes are found in germinating seeds, specifically in oilseed plants, where they play a role in converting stored fatty acids into carbohydrates.

Large vesicles that originate from the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and plasma membrane, playing a variety of roles in different types of cells.

Vacuoles are responsible for maintaining turgor pressure in plant cells, providing structural support and rigidity.

Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and waste products in the cell, playing a role in maintaining cell pH and ion balance.

Vacuoles can also play a role in regulating the internal environment of the cell by controlling the movement of water and solutes.

Movement of cilia where five out of nine double fibrils contract simultaneously resulting in a bending or shortening action.

Movement of cilia where four out of nine double fibrils contract, resulting in the cilium becoming straight.

A whip-like structure responsible for cell movement, propelling it forward.

The most prominent and important part of a eukaryotic cell, responsible for controlling cellular activities.

A double membrane covering the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. It regulates the movement of materials in and out of the nucleus.

The fluid within the nucleus, containing important molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins, essential for cell function.

A non-membrane bound structure within the nucleoplasm, involved in the production of ribosomes.

A network of thin, thread-like structures within the nucleus, composed of DNA and proteins. It condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

A compact, condensed structure of chromatin, visible during cell division. Each chromosome is composed of two identical strands called chromatids.

The constricted region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined. Plays a crucial role in cell division.

A complex of proteins located at the centromere, serving as attachment sites for microtubules during cell division.

A type of cell lacking a well-defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Examples include bacteria and archaea.

A type of cell with a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Examples include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

A type of cell division occurring in prokaryotic cells. It involves the duplication of DNA and cell content, followed by the separation into two daughter cells.

A simple process of cell division that occurs in prokaryotic cells, where the cell splits into two identical daughter cells.

A colorless, protein-rich matrix found inside chloroplasts, containing DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and enzymes for photosynthesis. It's like the cytoplasm of the chloroplast.

A small circular DNA molecule found within the stroma of chloroplasts. It contains genetic information for chloroplast function and is independent of the cell's nuclear DNA.

Grana - stacks of flattened, disc-like structures within chloroplasts; Thylakoids - the individual, flattened sacs that make up grana. They contain chlorophyll and are the sites for light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis.

The first phase of photosynthesis, occurring in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. It uses sunlight to convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

The second phase of photosynthesis, occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts. It uses the products from the light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into glucose.

The outer and inner membranes surrounding a chloroplast, creating two compartments: the intermembrane space and the stroma.

Rod-shaped structures found in pairs near the nucleus of animal cells. They're made of nine triplets of microtubules and involved in cell division by forming spindle fibers.

Hair-like projections found on the surface of some cells. They're involved in movement and can either be short (cilia) or long (flagella).

A bundle of 11 microtubules that forms the core of cilia and flagella. It's arranged in a '9 + 2' pattern (nine peripheral doublets and two central single microtubules), giving it a characteristic structure.

Short, hair-like projections, usually numerous, that beat rhythmically to move fluids or propel the cell. They're found on the surface of many eukaryotic cells.

The movement of cilia, where the double fibrils within a cilium slide past each other in a coordinated way to produce a whip-like motion.

The base of a cilium or flagellum, which is anchored to the cell's cytoplasm. It's made up of a similar structure as centrioles (nine microtubule triplets) and plays a role in anchoring and initiating the growth of cilia and flagella.