Questions and Answers
Which organelle is responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration?
What is the term for the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy input?
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus in cellular transport?
What is the term for the process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell?
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What is the role of lysosomes in cellular processes?
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What is the term for the random movement of molecules from high to low concentration?
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What is the function of carrier proteins in cellular transport?
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What is the term for the process of cell growth and preparation for cell division?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure
- Plasma Membrane: semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes take place
- Nucleus: control center of the cell where DNA is stored
- Mitochondria: organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): network of membranous tubules and sacs involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes: small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis takes place
- Lysosomes: membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes and help break down and recycle cellular waste
- Golgi Apparatus: complex of flattened sacs and tubules that modify and package proteins for transport
Cellular Transport
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Passive Transport: movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy input
- Diffusion: random movement of molecules from high to low concentration
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules from high to low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
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Active Transport: movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy input
- Carrier Proteins: transport molecules across the cell membrane using energy from ATP
Cell Division
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Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
- Interphase: period of cell growth and preparation for cell division
- Prophase: chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear envelope breaks down
- Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes uncoil
- Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides and the cell splits into two daughter cells
- Meiosis: process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, occurs in reproductive cells
Cell Signaling
- Signal Transduction Pathways: series of molecular interactions that allow cells to respond to stimuli
- Receptors: proteins on the surface of cells that bind to signaling molecules
- Signaling Molecules: molecules that transmit signals between cells, such as hormones and neurotransmitters
Cell Structure
- Plasma Membrane: A semi-permeable barrier regulating the entry and exit of substances, maintaining homeostasis.
- Cytoplasm: A viscous substance where biochemical reactions occur, providing a medium for organelles.
- Nucleus: The central organelle containing DNA; controls cellular activities and gene expression.
- Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP through cellular respiration to fuel cellular processes.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Divided into rough (with ribosomes) and smooth types; involved in synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids.
- Ribosomes: Found within the cytoplasm or attached to the ER, these structures synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.
- Lysosomes: Organelles containing digestive enzymes; crucial for degrading waste materials and cellular debris.
- Golgi Apparatus: A series of flattened sacs which modify, sort, and package proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
Cellular Transport
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Passive Transport: Relies on concentration gradients to move substances without using cellular energy.
- Diffusion: The spontaneous movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
- Osmosis: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, also moving from high to low concentration.
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Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient.
- Carrier Proteins: Integral proteins that facilitate the movement of specific substances across the membrane using energy.
Cell Division
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Mitosis: Cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells, crucial for growth and repair.
- Interphase: Preparatory phase, where the cell grows and duplicates DNA prior to mitosis.
- Prophase: The chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes; nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align along the cell's equatorial plane, preparing for separation.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.
- Telophase: Chromatids decondense back into chromatin; nuclear membranes reform around the two sets of chromosomes.
- Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm, creating two distinct daughter cells.
- Meiosis: Specialized form of cell division yielding four haploid cells, essential for sexual reproduction, reducing chromosome number by half.
Cell Signaling
- Signal Transduction Pathways: Complex networks through which cells convert signals from their external environment into functional responses.
- Receptors: Proteins embedded in the cell membrane that detect and bind signaling molecules, initiating a cellular response.
- Signaling Molecules: Various types of molecules, including hormones and neurotransmitters, that convey information between cells to regulate physiological processes.
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Test your knowledge of cellular components, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.