Cell Structure of Protists and Fungi
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Questions and Answers

What type of cell structure do protists possess?

  • Unicellular only
  • Cell structure of fungi
  • Typical eukaryotic cell structure (correct)
  • Prokaryotic cell structure

Which of the following is NOT a component of the eukaryotic cell structure found in protists?

  • Chloroplasts in all species (correct)
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane
  • Organelles such as mitochondria

Which organelle is commonly found in the cell structure of protists?

  • Ribosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Chloroplasts
  • Mitochondria (correct)

What characteristic is shared by both unicellular and multicellular protists?

<p>Eukaryotic cell structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes protists?

<p>Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines protists as a distinct group from Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia?

<p>They possess a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is recommended for observing protists in pond water?

<p>Using containers with the pond water and observing in subdued light. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fungi primarily spread in their environment?

<p>Through spores that are released into the air or water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is common to most protists?

<p>They are mostly unicellular. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the feeding habits of fungi?

<p>They release enzymes to decompose organic material before absorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of animal-like protists?

<p>They are heterotrophic and consume other organisms for energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do amoebas move?

<p>By extending pseudopodia to change shape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Volvox and Euglena is true?

<p>They possess mechanisms for movement and can be photosynthetic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes protozoans from fungus-like and plant-like protists?

<p>Protozoans have mechanisms for movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the amoeba to change shape when moving?

<p>The movement of dense cytoplasm toward the plasma membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do amoebas use to engulf their prey?

<p>Pseudopods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do amoebas regulate the amount of water in their cells?

<p>With contractile vacuoles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the locomotion of amoebas?

<p>Slow attachment to surfaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction do amoebas primarily undergo?

<p>Asexual reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases can be caused by some types of amoebas?

<p>Amoebic dysentery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of this module?

<p>Characteristics of eukaryotic kingdoms Protista and Fungi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one question posed in the module to encourage reflection on life?

<p>What is life? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about diatoms is true?

<p>They appear as a collection of oddly shaped buttons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of protists is NOT discussed in the module?

<p>Their common reproductive methods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can help increase appreciation for the diversity of life forms?

<p>Contemplating diverse life forms on Earth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the macronucleus in ciliates?

<p>Metabolic control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do paramecia primarily acquire their food?

<p>Using cilia to sweep food into the gullet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows ciliates to exchange DNA?

<p>Conjugation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason unicellular protists are considered more complex than individual cells of multicellular organisms?

<p>They perform all life functions within a single cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups classifies animal-like protists?

<p>Heterotrophic and feed on other organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ciliate is known to be a parasite that can cause dysentery in humans?

<p>Balantidium coli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do contractile vacuoles play in ciliates?

<p>Regulation of water pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is shared by fungus-like protists?

<p>They are decomposers of decaying matter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes plant-like protists from other types of protists?

<p>They make their own food through photosynthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is there no consensus on the classification of protists among biologists?

<p>Protists share too many characteristics with fungi and animals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is classified under the phylum Ciliophora?

<p>Ciliates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the macronucleus in Paramecium?

<p>Metabolism control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Trypanosoma protozoa transmitted to humans?

<p>Via bites from infected tsetse flies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding Trichonympha and termites?

<p>Trichonympha live in the termite's gut to help digest cellulose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a preferred habitat for most ciliates?

<p>Stagnant lakes and ponds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of sporozoans?

<p>They form spores at some point in their life cycle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does spore formation occur in sporozoans?

<p>A single nucleus divides multiple times. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to Plasmodium spores after they enter the bloodstream of a human?

<p>They travel to the liver and reproduce asexually. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is primarily responsible for the transmission of Plasmodium to humans?

<p>Female mosquitoes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Plasmodium spores become after they reproduce in the liver?

<p>New Plasmodium that invade red blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process leads to the formation of a spore in sporozoans?

<p>Asexual reproduction involving the concentration of cytoplasm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of sporozoans?

<p>They have means of active locomotion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do uninfected mosquitoes acquire the Plasmodium parasite?

<p>Through biting infected humans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method through which Plasmodium reproduces in humans?

<p>Asexual reproduction in the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the symptoms of malaria in infected humans?

<p>The destruction of red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Toxoplasma gondii typically exit its host?

<p>In feces forming resistant spores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease can result from infection with Toxoplasma gondii in humans?

<p>Toxoplasmosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mosquito saliva when it injects Plasmodium spores into a human?

<p>To prevent blood clotting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the reproduction cycle of Plasmodium is true?

<p>Plasmodium reproduces asexually in humans and needs spores to reproduce in mosquitoes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of reducing the mosquito population?

<p>Decrease in malaria transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of a paramecium's inability to conjugate?

<p>Malfunctioning reproductive organelle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Protists

Eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi.

Kingdom Protista

A diverse group of eukaryotic organisms.

Eukaryotes

Organisms with cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Fungi

Eukaryotic organisms that decompose organic matter.

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Diatoms

A type of microscopic algae belonging to the kingdom Protista.

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What makes a protist a protist?

Protists are eukaryotes that don't fit into the kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, or Animalia. They lack at least one characteristic of these kingdoms.

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Protist diversity

Protists have a wide range of shapes and functions, with approximately 200,000 species.

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How do protists eat?

Protists can be heterotrophic, autotrophic, or mixotrophic, meaning they can consume other organisms, produce their own food, or combine both methods.

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Why are protists important?

Protists play crucial roles in ecosystems as primary producers, decomposers, and food sources for other organisms.

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Fungi structure

Fungi are made of thread-like structures called hyphae, which form a network called a mycelium.

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Unicellular Protist

A protist consisting of a single cell.

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Multicellular Protist

A protist made up of many cells.

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What do protists have in common?

They all have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles in their cells.

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Chloroplasts in Protists

Some protists have chloroplasts, which allow them to make their own food through photosynthesis.

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Animal-like protists (Protozoans)

Protists that obtain food by consuming other organisms.

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Fungus-like protists

Protists that obtain food by breaking down dead organic matter.

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Plant-like protists (Algae)

Protists that produce their own food through photosynthesis.

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Animal-like protists

Protists that are heterotrophic, meaning they get their energy by consuming other organisms.

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Sarcodines

A group of protozoans that have the ability to change their body shape and use pseudopodia for movement.

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Pseudopod

A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell used for locomotion or engulfing food.

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Amoeba movement

Amoebas move by extending pseudopods, pushing cytoplasm towards the plasma membrane to create a bulge.

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Exceptions in protist classification?

Some protists, like Euglena and Volvox, have characteristics of both plant-like and animal-like protists, making them difficult to categorize precisely.

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Amoeba locomotion

Amoebas move slowly using "false feet" called pseudopods, which extend and retract to pull the cell forward.

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Amoeba feeding

Amoebas engulf their prey, like algae, by surrounding it with their pseudopods, creating a food vacuole where digestion occurs.

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Contractile vacuole

A specialized organelle in amoebas that removes excess water from the cell to prevent bursting.

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Amoeba reproduction

Amoebas reproduce asexually by dividing into two identical cells when they reach their maximum size.

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Zooflagellate movement

Zooflagellates use one or more long, whip-like projections called flagella to propel themselves through water.

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Ciliates

Protozoans that use cilia for movement, belonging to the phylum Ciliophora. They have a variety of shapes and live primarily in freshwater environments.

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Macronucleus

The large nucleus in a ciliate, responsible for controlling its metabolism. It's crucial for the ciliate's energy needs.

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Trypanosoma

A parasitic zooflagellate that causes African sleeping sickness. It's transmitted by tsetse flies and can be fatal.

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Tsetse fly

A fly that transmits Trypanosoma, the parasite responsible for African sleeping sickness. Not all tsetse flies are infected.

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Trichonympha

A zooflagellate that lives in a mutually beneficial relationship with termites. They help termites digest wood, which the termites cannot do on their own.

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Ciliate Movement

Ciliates are protists that move using hair-like structures called cilia. They propel themselves by beating these cilia rapidly.

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Macronucleus vs Micronucleus

Ciliates have two nuclei: the macronucleus controls metabolism, while the micronucleus handles reproduction.

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Paramecium Feeding

Paramecia use cilia in their oral groove to sweep food into a food vacuole. The vacuole circulates for digestion, and waste is expelled through an anal pore.

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Ciliate Reproduction

Ciliates reproduce asexually, but can also exchange DNA through conjugation, creating a new ciliate with blended traits.

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Balantidium coli Infection

This ciliate is a parasite found in pigs and can infect humans through contaminated food or water, causing dysentery.

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Malaria transmission

The spread of the malaria parasite (Plasmodium) from an infected mosquito to a human through a bite.

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Plasmodium reproduction in humans

The Plasmodium parasite reproduces asexually within the human host, entering liver cells and then red blood cells, causing them to burst.

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Plasmodium reproduction in mosquitoes

Plasmodium reproduces sexually in the mosquito's salivary glands, forming spores that are then injected into a human.

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Toxoplasma gondii host

Toxoplasma gondii primarily lives in the intestines of mammals, especially cats.

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Toxoplasma gondii transmission

Transmission happens through contact with infected animal feces, contaminated soil, or water.

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Toxoplasmosis in humans

Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii and is a serious illness in humans, particularly dangerous for pregnant women.

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Reducing malaria

Reducing the mosquito population significantly lessens malaria transmission.

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Importance of medical research

Medical research is vital for advancing treatments and preventing diseases.

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Sporozoans

Parasitic protozoans that lack locomotion and form spores during their life cycle.

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Spore

A reproductive cell with a tough, protective coating. It can survive in unfavorable conditions, much like a cyst.

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Plasmodium Life Cycle

The complex lifecycle of the Plasmodium parasite, involving both a mosquito host and a human host, and including both asexual and sexual reproduction.

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Asexual Reproduction in Sporozoans

The process by which a single sporozoan cell divides to produce multiple offspring, typically leading to spore formation.

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Malaria

A serious, potentially deadly disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through mosquito bites.

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How Plasmodium Spreads

The Plasmodium parasite spreads when infected mosquitos bite humans, injecting spores into their bloodstream.

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Spore Formation in Plasmodium

During the Plasmodium's life cycle, spores are formed in the mosquito's gut and then travel to its salivary glands, ready to be injected into a new host.

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Impact of Plasmodium on Humans

The parasite Plasmodium causes malaria, resulting in a range of symptoms, including fever, anemia, and enlarged organs.

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