Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following accurately describes the selective permeability of the nucleus?
Which of the following accurately describes the selective permeability of the nucleus?
- The nucleus is impermeable to all molecules, requiring active transport mechanisms for entry and exit.
- The nucleus is freely permeable to all molecules due to the presence of a single membrane.
- The nucleus is selectively permeable due to the presence of cholesterol molecules embedded within its membrane.
- The nucleus is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer with pores that allow for selective passage of molecules. (correct)
What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
- Synthesizing proteins for secretion from the cell.
- Modifying and packaging proteins into vesicles.
- Generating ATP through cellular respiration.
- Detoxifying drugs and toxins, synthesizing lipids, and synthesizing glycogen. (correct)
Which process describes the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substances?
Which process describes the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substances?
- Glycogenolysis
- Glycolysis
- Gluconeogenesis (correct)
- Glycogenesis
What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
What describes the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?
What describes the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?
What are the sizes of the small and large ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells?
What are the sizes of the small and large ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells?
How does mRNA contribute to the synthesis of proteins?
How does mRNA contribute to the synthesis of proteins?
What type of chemical bond links amino acids together to form a protein?
What type of chemical bond links amino acids together to form a protein?
Which of the following scenarios describes an example of apoptosis occurring at an accelerated rate?
Which of the following scenarios describes an example of apoptosis occurring at an accelerated rate?
Which characteristic is associated with necrosis, as opposed to apoptosis?
Which characteristic is associated with necrosis, as opposed to apoptosis?
Which of the following cellular components is classified as a structural protein?
Which of the following cellular components is classified as a structural protein?
Which of the following is the primary role of cholesterol within the cell membrane?
Which of the following is the primary role of cholesterol within the cell membrane?
What determines whether a substance can pass through the phospholipid bilayer?
What determines whether a substance can pass through the phospholipid bilayer?
Glycoproteins and glycolipids facilitate which function?
Glycoproteins and glycolipids facilitate which function?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the glycocalyx's function?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the glycocalyx's function?
Which of the following is a function of peripheral proteins?
Which of the following is a function of peripheral proteins?
Flashcards
Apoptosis
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death; a normal process that eliminates unnecessary or damaged cells.
Necrosis
Necrosis
Cell death caused by injury or lack of blood supply; uncontrolled and harmful.
Multinuclear
Multinuclear
Cells with multiple nuclei, often found in skeletal muscles.
Anuclear
Anuclear
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Protoplasm
Protoplasm
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Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
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Intrinsic/Integral Proteins
Intrinsic/Integral Proteins
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Peripheral Proteins
Peripheral Proteins
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Nuclear Membrane
Nuclear Membrane
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
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Glycogenesis
Glycogenesis
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Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis
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Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
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Ribosomes
Ribosomes
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Study Notes
Unit 1: Cell Structure & Function - Basic Information
-
Cell death:
- Apoptosis: programmed cell death (e.g., webbed toes in embryos).
- Necrosis: injury or chronic inflammation/ischemia.
- Too little or too much apoptosis can lead to diseases (e.g., dementia, tumors).
-
Cell organization:
- Multinucleated cells: skeletal muscle fibers.
- Anucleated cells: red blood cells (RBCs).
Unit 1: Cell Structure & Function - Protoplasm
- Composition:
- Water (70-85%).
- Electrolytes: potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), and anions like inorganic phosphate (phos), bicarbonate (HCO3–), chloride (Cl–), and sulfate (H2SO4).
- Proteins: structural (e.g., providing shape) and globular (e.g., enzymes).
- Lipids: phospholipids (membranes), cholesterol (structure/support), and triglycerides (energy).
- Carbohydrates: glucose (energy), glycogen (storage in liver/muscle).
Unit 1: Cell Structure & Function - Cell Membrane
- Structure:
- Phospholipid bilayer: phosphate heads (hydrophilic) and fatty acid tails (hydrophobic).
- Proteins: intrinsic/integral (transmembrane) for channels and transport; peripheral (on surface).
Unit 1: Cell Structure & Function - Cell Membrane
- Functions:
- Transports materials in and out of cells.
- Cell-to-cell communication.
- Cell recognition.
- Barrier function.
Unit 1: Cell Structure & Function - Cytoplasmic Organelles
-
Nucleus:
- Separated by a phospholipid bilayer to control what enters and leaves.
-
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER):
- Synthesis of lipids (e.g., phospholipids, cholesterol)
- Detoxifies drugs/toxins.
-
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER):
- Site of protein synthesis.
-
Ribosomes:
- Location: RER and cytoplasm.
- Structure: protein synthesis.
- Role: create proteins.
-
Nucleus & Ribosomes:
- Ribosomal proteins enter the nucleus.
- Ribosomes direct the process of protein synthesis and don't carry the code for proteins.
-
Golgi apparatus:
- Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
- Cell membrane; organelles; cell export.
-
Lysosomes:
- Hydrolytic enzymes break down proteins into amino acids.
-
Peroxisomes:
- Contain enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide.
-
Mitochondria:
- Synthesize ATP (energy).
- DNA is different from cellular DNA.
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