Cell Structure and Functions Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the jelly-like substance found in cells where the organelles float?

Cytoplasm

What is known as the 'brain' of the cell that stores DNA?

Nucleus

What stores RNA and is where ribosomes are made?

Nucleolus

What is the membrane-bound structure that packages proteins for transport in the cell?

<p>Golgi Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds the cell and is a protective layer that controls what goes in and out?

<p>Cell Membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organelle produces energy for the cell in the form of ATP?

<p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organelle allows materials to travel around the cell and is known as the 'highway' of the cell?

<p>Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the organelle responsible for making proteins?

<p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organelle is known as the recycling center of the cell?

<p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the storage unit of the cell that stores water, nutrients, and waste?

<p>Vacuoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organelle is found only in autotrophs and contains chlorophyll?

<p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

What rigid structure surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell, found only in plant cells?

<p>Cell Wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pigment traps light energy and gives leaves and stems their green color?

<p>Chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the longer projections that move with a whip-like motion?

<p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ cells have a nucleus and other organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane.

<p>Eukaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some cells have a _____ ______ that provides support and ______.

<p>cell wall, protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells make proteins on _______ that are often attached to the highly folded endoplasmic reticulum.

<p>ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells store materials in the ____ ______ and ______.

<p>Golgi apparatus, vacuoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ break down sugar molecules to release energy.

<p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplasts convert ______ energy into ______ energy.

<p>light, chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rough ER is used to synthesize ______.

<p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smooth ER is used to synthesize _____.

<p>lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are small and lack a nucleus?

<p>Prokaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of monomers?

<p>Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a carbohydrate?

<p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a lipid?

<p>Energy and insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a nucleic acid?

<p>Store and transmits genetic info</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a protein?

<p>Transport, Structure, Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of carbohydrates?

<p>Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin, and Sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of lipids?

<p>Oil, Fat, and phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of nucleic acids?

<p>RNA and DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of proteins?

<p>Muscle, Insulin, Hair, Nails, Antibodies, and Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis uses which of the following?

<p>Chloroplasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cell respiration uses which of the following?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants for photosynthesis?

<p>carbon dioxide, water, light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of white blood cells?

<p>Destroy bacteria, Prevent viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of prokaryotic cells?

<p>E. coli, Archaea, Bacteria, Salmonella</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of eukaryotic cells?

<p>Grass, Pine trees, Moles, Fruit flies</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much larger is a eukaryotic cell compared to a prokaryotic cell?

<p>10x larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypertonic solution?

<p>Higher concentration of the solute than the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypotonic solution?

<p>Lower concentration of the solute than the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of passive transport?

<p>Diffusion, Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does homeostasis refer to?

<p>The regulation of the organism to make it suitable for survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does RNA do?

<p>Help make proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plants store carbohydrates?

<p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chains make up proteins?

<p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds all cells?

<p>cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two things make up cell membranes?

<p>phospholipids and embedded proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aids in mitosis?

<p>Centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rough ER and smooth ER differ?

<p>Rough ER has ribosomes and smooth ER does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does smooth ER do?

<p>Makes proteins and lipids, detoxifies poisons, control calcium levels in muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of cell transport?

<p>Passive and active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell transport requires energy?

<p>Active</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is simple diffusion?

<p>When molecules spread from an area of high to an area of low concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is equilibrium?

<p>When molecules are even throughout a space</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concentration gradient?

<p>A difference between concentrations in a space (along high-low)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

<p>When particles are too large to fit through the cell membrane, they travel through a carrier protein (no energy required)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

<p>Diffusion of water across a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution?

<p>The substance that has one thing dissolved in another</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is being dissolved in a solution?

<p>solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of cell theory?

<ol> <li>All living cells are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure &amp; function 3. New cells come from existing cells</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance within a cell that houses organelles.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell, housing DNA and chromosomes.

Nucleolus

Site within the nucleus where RNA is stored and ribosomes are produced.

Golgi Apparatus

Membrane-bound organelle responsible for packaging and processing proteins for transport.

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Cell Membrane

Protective barrier made of lipids that controls what enters and exits the cell.

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Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for generating energy (ATP) through metabolism.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of membrane-bound sacs involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

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Ribosomes

Tiny structures in the cytoplasm responsible for protein synthesis.

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Lysosome

Organelle that digests waste, old organelles, and foreign matter.

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Vacuoles

Storage compartments within cells for water, nutrients, and waste.

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Chloroplast

Organelle found in plant cells containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

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Cell Wall

Rigid structure providing support and protection, found only in plant cells.

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Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, typically larger than prokaryotic cells.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Cells lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, typically smaller than eukaryotic cells.

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Monomers

Basic building blocks of biological molecules.

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Carbohydrates

Primary source of energy for cells.

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Lipids (Fats)

Used for energy storage, hormone production, and cell membrane formation.

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Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

Molecules that store and transmit genetic information.

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Proteins

Perform diverse functions like transport, structure, and catalysis.

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Passive Transport

Movement of substances across a membrane without requiring energy.

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Active Transport

Movement of substances across a membrane that requires energy.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell.

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Photosynthesis

Process that converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

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Cellular Respiration

Process that breaks down glucose to release energy (ATP) in the form of ATP.

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Cellulose

The most abundant carbohydrate in plants.

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RNA

A type of nucleic acid that plays a key role in protein synthesis.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of transport proteins, but without requiring energy.

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Concentration Gradient

Difference in concentration of a substance across a space.

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Cell Theory: Part 1

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

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Cell Theory: Part 2

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms.

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Cell Theory: Part 3

All cells arise only from pre-existing cells.

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Study Notes

Cell Structure and Functions

  • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance in cells where organelles are suspended.
  • Nucleus: Brain of the cell; houses DNA and chromosomes.
  • Nucleolus: Site of RNA storage and ribosome production within the nucleus.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Membrane-bound structure responsible for packaging proteins for transport within the cell.
  • Cell Membrane: Protective lipid bilayer controlling entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell.
  • Mitochondria: Organelle known as the "powerhouse" of the cell, producing ATP through energy metabolism.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Comprised of rough ER with ribosomes for protein synthesis, and smooth ER for lipid synthesis.
  • Ribosomes: Responsible for protein synthesis, can be free-floating or attached to the ER.
  • Lysosome: Recycling center of the cell that digests dead organelles and foreign matter.
  • Vacuoles: Storage organelles for water, nutrients, and waste.
  • Chloroplast: Found in autotrophs, containing chlorophyll to capture sunlight for photosynthesis.
  • Cell Wall: Rigid structure providing support, found only in plant cells.

Cellular Biology Concepts

  • Eukaryotic Cells: Characterized by a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, larger than prokaryotic cells.
  • Prokaryotic Cells: Smaller cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
  • Monomers: Four types include lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins.
  • Key Functions:
    • Carbohydrates: Energy source.
    • Lipids: Energy storage and hormone production.
    • Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit genetic information.
    • Proteins: Function in transport, structure, and enzymatic activity.

Transport Mechanisms

  • Passive Transport: Includes diffusion and osmosis, does not require energy.
  • Active Transport: Requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
  • Types of Solutions:
    • Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration outside the cell.
    • Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration outside the cell.

Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration

  • Photosynthesis Reactants: Carbon dioxide, water, and light energy are required for the process.
  • Photosynthesis Products: Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy.
  • Cell Respiration: Mitochondria break down sugar molecules to release energy.

Cellular Components & Their Functions

  • Cellulose: The form in which plants store carbohydrates.
  • RNA: Plays a pivotal role in protein synthesis, helping to make proteins.
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of larger particles through carrier proteins without energy.
  • Concentration Gradient: The variation in concentration of a substance across a space, influencing diffusion.

Cell Theory

  • All living cells are composed of cells.
  • Cells serve as the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
  • New cells arise only from existing cells.

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