AP Exam One Review PDF

Exam 1 Comprehensive Review **Unit 1: Cell Structure & Function** I. Basic Information a. Cell death i. Apoptosis: programmed cell death 1. Normal: Embryonic cell like webbed toes 2. Too fast: dementia 3. Not happening when it should: tumo...

Exam 1 Comprehensive Review **Unit 1: Cell Structure & Function** I. Basic Information a. Cell death i. Apoptosis: programmed cell death 1. Normal: Embryonic cell like webbed toes 2. Too fast: dementia 3. Not happening when it should: tumor ii. Necrosis: injury, chronic inflammation/ischemia b. Organization iii. \# of nuclei 4. Multinuclear: skeletal muscle fibers 5. Anuclear: RBCs II. Protoplasm c. Water (70-85%) d. Intracellular electrolytes iv. Cations: **K**, Mg, Ca, Na v. Anions: Inorganic **phos**, HCo3- (bicarb), Cl-, Sulfate (H2SO4) e. Proteins vi. Structural: provide structure vii. Globular: Enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions f. Lipids viii. Phospholipids: membrane ix. Cholesterol: structure, support, integrity inside cell x. Triglycerides: energy g. Carbs xi. Glucose: active (monosaccharide, energy source for all cells in body) xii. Glycogen: storage (especially in liver/skeletal muscle cells) 6. Glucose made in skeletal muscle cells can only be used in those cells 7. Glucose made in liver can be transported elsewhere III. Cell Membrane h. Phospholipid Bilayer xiii. Phosphate head: polarized (separated charges), hydrophilic xiv. Fatty acid tail: nonpolarized (pos/neg charges are equally distributed), hydrophobic i. Proteins xv. Intrinsic/Integral: complete traverse the membrane 8. Protein channels 9. Transport proteins 10. Cell membrane-bound receptors 11. Cell markers (glycoprotein/glycolipid) a. Help cell distinguish self from non-self; usually very helpful...but think about organ transplant patients...uh oh xvi. Peripheral proteins: enzymes that transport messages, help intrinsic proteins work 12. Directed toward inside or outside of cell membrane j. Carbs: almost all are attached to proteins or lipids xvii. Glycoprotein: carb chain + protein xviii. Glycolipid: carb chain + fatty acid tail xix. Glycocalyx: glycoprotein + glycolipid 13. Forms outer structural support of cell and be point of connection between cells IV. Cytoplasmic organelles k. Nucleus xx. Surrounded by phospholipid bilayer; pores allow the nucleus to be selectively permeable l. Nuclear membrane: PLBL m. Smooth ER xxi. Purpose: synthesize glycogen 14. Glycogenesis: synthesis of glycogen 15. Glycogenolysis: glycogen back to glucose 16. Gluconeogenesis: formation of glucose from non-carb substances xxii. Synthesis of lipids (phospholipids/cholesterol) xxiii. Detox drugs/toxins n. Rough ER xxiv. Site of protein synthesis o. Ribosomes xxv. Location: Rough ER and cytoplasm xxvi. Structure: made of proteins xxvii. Creation of ribosomes 17. Ribosomal proteins enter into nucleus through the nuclear pores 18. Join to form small and large ribosomal subunits with rRNA built in b. rRNA directs the overall process by which ribosome synthesizes a protein (does **NOT** carry code for specific protein; just tells ribosome how to make protein) 19. Ribosomes move out of nucleus as small or large subunits to form complete ribosomes in cytoplasm xxviii. "Naming" 20. Large subunit: 60S 21. Small subunit: 40S 22. Complete ribosome: 80S c. This is important because antibiotics are directed at ribosomes of microorganisms NOT human cell ribosomes xxix. Function: synthesize proteins 23. DNA is in nucleus; each strand carries code for synthesis of specific protein, ribosomes need this code 24. Code for specific protein is **transcribed** from DNA to mRNA so it can bring code to complete ribosome 25. mRNA leaves nucleus + combines with ribosome 26. tRNA comes from nucleus, brings amino acids to mRNA d. Amino acids are held together by **peptide bonds** e. \~100 amino acids = protein f. \