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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
Which organelle is responsible for energy production in the cell?
Which of the following structures is NOT typically found in a human cell?
What is the relationship between cells, tissues, and organs?
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Which of the following best describes differentiated cells?
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What process do cells undergo to duplicate their genetic material?
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Which organelle plays a crucial role in protein synthesis?
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What characteristic of phospholipids allows them to form a bilayer structure in the plasma membrane?
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Which of the following is a characteristic unique to skeletal muscle cells?
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Which protein function is not performed by membrane proteins?
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What role do carbohydrate molecules play in the plasma membrane?
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What is the primary composition of the cytoplasm?
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Which of the following correctly describes the orientation of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?
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What occurs during anaphase in the process of mitosis?
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Which process results in the formation of gametes with 23 chromosomes?
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What is the primary function of the mitotic spindle during mitosis?
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In which phase do homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis?
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How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis II?
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Which type of cell transport requires energy in the form of ATP?
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During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate?
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What begins before the end of mitosis and completes shortly after telophase?
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What happens to chromatin fibres during telophase?
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What is the outcome of a cell after meiosis I?
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What is the primary driving force behind active transport?
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Which of the following describes osmosis?
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What distinguishes phagocytosis from pinocytosis?
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Which process is best described as 'cell drinking'?
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How does diffusion differ from active transport?
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Which of the following statements about hyperplasia is true?
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What is the primary role of the sodium-potassium pump?
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What is the outcome of exocytosis?
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What does hypoplasia refer to?
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Which of the following statements is true about atrophy?
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What happens during metaplasia?
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Which condition is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of cells?
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How does hypertrophy differ from hyperplasia?
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What is the primary characteristic of dysplasia?
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What is a potential outcome if the stimulus causing metaplasia is removed?
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Neoplasms can be classified into which categories?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure & Function
- The cell is the smallest functional unit of the body.
- All organisms are made up of cells.
- Cells carry out all vital chemical processes and are differentiated to perform specific tasks.
- Humans are multicellular organisms.
Cell Organization
- Cells are organized into tissues, organs, and systems.
Cell Components
- Plasma Membrane: A double layer of lipids (mostly phospholipids) that regulates transport in and out of the cell.
- Cytoplasm: Gelatinous fluid that fills most cells where metabolic reactions occur.
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Nucleus: The information processor and administrative center of the cell.
- Contains one nucleus per cell, except for skeletal muscle and some cells that contain several.
- Missing in red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Cell Division: Mitosis
- Interphase: The stage where the cell grows, DNA replicates, and centrioles appear.
- Prophase: The chromosomes condense into distinct structures, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle forms.
- Metaphase: The chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate (the center of the cell) and are attached to the spindle fibers.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase: The nuclear envelope reforms, the chromosomes decondense, and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) begins.
Cell Division: Meiosis
- Special type of cell division that occurs in the formation of reproductive cells (gametes: ova and spermatozoa).
- Results in daughter cells containing half the number of chromosomes (23 chromosomes).
- Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes pair up, exchange genetic material, and separate to form two daughter cells.
- Meiosis II: Similar to mitosis, but with haploid cells (23 chromosomes each) produced, resulting in a total of four daughter cells.
Cellular Transport
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Passive Transport: Movement of substances across the cell membrane down their concentration gradient, requiring no energy.
- Diffusion: Movement of a substance from a high concentration area to a low concentration area.
- Osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a high water concentration area to a low water concentration area.
- Active Transport: Movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
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Bulk Transport: The transport of large substances across the cell membrane.
- Phagocytosis: Cell engulfs solid substances.
- Pinocytosis: Cell engulfs liquid substances.
Abnormal Cell Growth
- Hyperplasia: Increased proliferation of cells within an organ or tissue beyond normal levels.
- Hypoplasia: Underdevelopment of a tissue or organ.
- Atrophy: Wasting away of a part of the body.
- Hypertrophy: Increase in size of cells, resulting in an increase in organ size.
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Metaplasia: Transformation of one type of cell into another.
- Can be caused by abnormal stimuli. Tissues typically revert to their normal state after stimulus removal.
- Dysplasia: Abnormality in cell maturation, characterized by an expansion of immature cells and a decrease in mature cells.
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Neoplasia: Abnormal proliferation of cells, often resulting in a lump or tumor.
- Can be benign, pre-malignant, or malignant.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the basics of cell structure, organization, and function. This quiz covers key components such as the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and the stages of mitosis. Perfect for students learning about cellular biology!
