86 Questions
Which of the following is a characteristic of all cellular life?
Reproduction
Which of the following is the most reliable feature distinguishing a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
Presence of a nucleus
Which type of microorganism thrives in highly saline water?
Halophiles
What is the most commonly used unicellular organism in the food industry?
Yeast
Which of the following is true about molds?
Molds have a mycelial structure
What is the main characteristic of protozoa?
They lack a cell wall
What is aspergillosis?
A group of diseases caused by molds
Which organelle is responsible for ATP production in the cell?
Mitochondria
What is the energy form expressed as a proton gradient in the mitochondria?
Electrical energy
How are proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus?
By vesicles
What is the function of the nucleus in the cell?
Gene expression regulation
Which organelles are believed to have originated from bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells?
Mitochondria
Which of the following is NOT a similarity between mitochondria and bacterial cells?
Presence of introns
What is the proposed origin of current eukaryotic cells according to Len Margulis?
Endocytosis of bacteria
What is the function of the Sodium-Potassium pump?
To transport potassium ions out of the cell
What drives the Sodium-Potassium pump?
The breakdown of ATP
What happens when three sodium ions bind to the cytoplasmic side of the Sodium-Potassium pump?
The protein changes its conformation
What happens when two potassium ions bind to the extracellular side of the Sodium-Potassium pump?
The protein gains affinity for potassium ions
Which organelle is responsible for modifying proteins for shipment to specific locations?
Golgi apparatus
What is the function of lysosomes?
Housekeeping
Which disease has suffered the most devastating epidemics in recent human history?
HIV/AIDS
What is the main role of microbes in our body?
Maintaining gut health
Which scientist was the first to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What is the main component of cell membranes?
Phospholipids
What is the function of vesicles in cells?
To help move chemicals in and out of cells
What is the simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane?
Diffusion
Which of the following is a characteristic of molds?
Molds have a mycellial structure.
What is the group of diseases caused by the mold Aspergillus called?
Aspergillosis
Which of the following is a characteristic of protozoa?
Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes.
What are moles used for in the production of citric acid and antibiotics?
To produce citric acid and antibiotics
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
They have a nucleus
Which of the following is NOT a similarity between archaea and bacteria?
They both contain peptidoglycan
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of yeast?
It is a prokaryotic organism
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cellular life?
It is composed of DNA and RNA
Which organelle is believed to have originated from an aerobic bacterium that was engulfed by a predatory cell?
Mitochondria
What is the proposed origin of chloroplasts according to the text?
Endocytosis of a photosynthetic bacterium
Which of the following is NOT a similarity between mitochondria and bacterial cells?
Presence of introns
What is the proposed origin of current eukaryotic cells according to Len Margulis?
Evolved from a large anaerobic prokaryotic predatory cell
Which organelle is responsible for ATP production in the cell?
Mitochondria
What is the function of lysosomes?
Intracellular digestion
What is the main role of microbes in our body?
Producing vitamins
What is the simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane?
Passive diffusion
What is the process called when the plasma membrane extends outward and surrounds a food particle?
Phagocytosis
What is the reverse process of endocytosis, resulting in the discharge of material from vesicles at the cell surface to the outside of the cell?
Exocytosis
What is the name of the receptors on the surface of the cell that bind to specific molecules, such as low density lipoproteins (LDL), and initiate receptor-mediated endocytosis?
LDL receptors
What happens when three sodium ions bind to the cytoplasmic side of the Sodium-Potassium pump?
The pump changes conformation and exposes sodium binding sites to the inside of the cell
Which scientist is credited with the discovery and description of bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What is the main component of cell membranes?
Lipids
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cells?
Can perform photosynthesis
What is the simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane?
Diffusion
Which organelle is responsible for the destruction and recycling of old organelles and particles taken into the cell by phagocytosis?
Lysosome
What is the main function of lysosomes?
To destroy and recycle old organelles and particles taken into the cell by phagocytosis
Which disease has suffered the most devastating epidemics in recent human history?
HIV/AIDS
What is the main role of microbes in our body?
To maintain overall health
What is the main function of the Sodium-Potassium pump?
To maintain the resting membrane potential
What is the most reliable feature distinguishing a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
Presence of a nucleus
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
They have a nucleus
What is the process called when the plasma membrane extends outward and surrounds a food particle?
Phagocytosis
What is the most reliable feature distinguishing a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
Presence of a nucleus
What is the proposed origin of current eukaryotic cells according to Len Margulis?
Endosymbiosis
Which of the following is true about molds?
Molds have a filamentous structure
What is the group of diseases caused by the mold Aspergillus called?
Aspergillosis
What is the main role of microbes in our body?
Production of citric acid and antibiotics
What is the main characteristic of protozoa?
They lack a cell wall
Which organelle is responsible for ATP production in the cell?
Mitochondria
What is the main function of the Sodium-Potassium pump?
Maintaining the resting membrane potential
What is the process called when the plasma membrane extends outward and surrounds a food particle?
Phagocytosis
What is the proposed origin of current eukaryotic cells according to Len Margulis?
Endosymbiotic theory
Which of the following is NOT a major type of endocytosis?
Exocytosis
What triggers the phagocytosis of bacteria by phagocytes?
Binding of aggregated antibody molecules to fc receptors
What is the main function of lysosomes in the cell?
Destruction and recycling of old organelles and particles taken into the cell by phagocytosis
What is the energy form expressed as a proton gradient in the mitochondria?
Proton motive force
According to the text, what is the proposed origin of mitochondria?
Mitochondria originated from energy-conversion mechanisms in bacterial organelles.
What is the proposed origin of chloroplasts according to the text?
Chloroplasts originated from energy-conversion mechanisms in bacterial organelles.
What is the main function of lysosomes in cells?
Lysosomes are responsible for intracellular digestion and waste removal.
What is the function of the nucleus in the cell?
The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and controls cell activities.
According to the cell theory, all living things are made of cells and new cells are created by old cells dividing. Who was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Which of the following is NOT considered a cell?
Viruses
What is the main component of cell membranes?
Phospholipids
Which process is the simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane?
Diffusion
Which organelle is responsible for modifying proteins for shipment to specific locations?
Golgi apparatus
What is the function of lysosomes?
Digest particles or cells taken into the cell by phagocytosis
What is the main role of microbes in our body?
Keep pathogens away from our tissues and organs
What is the proposed origin of current eukaryotic cells according to Len Margulis?
Endosymbiotic theory
Which disease has suffered the most devastating epidemics in recent human history?
HIV/AIDS
What is the most reliable feature distinguishing a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
Presence of a nucleus
Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells and new cells are created by old cells dividing.
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries.
- Viruses are not considered cells and are parasitic, entering human cells to replicate.
- Cells can be unicellular (made up of one cell) or multicellular (made up of billions of cells working together).
- The cell membrane separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment and regulates the passage of materials in and out of cells.
- Phospholipids, the main component of cell membranes, have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and arrange themselves in a lipid bilayer.
- Vesicles are membrane-bound compartments that help move chemicals in and out of cells.
- The plasma membrane is a flexible barrier made up of bilayers of phospholipids that are fluid, not solid.
- Transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane play roles in transport and signal transduction.
- Hydrophobic bonds stabilize the phospholipid bilayer.
- The plasma membrane selectively controls the passage of small molecules and proteins in and out of the cell.
- Diffusion is the simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane, either through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy and is mediated by transporters.
Cell Structure and Function
- The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells and new cells are created by old cells dividing.
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries.
- Viruses are not considered cells and are parasitic, entering human cells to replicate.
- Cells can be unicellular (made up of one cell) or multicellular (made up of billions of cells working together).
- The cell membrane separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment and regulates the passage of materials in and out of cells.
- Phospholipids, the main component of cell membranes, have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and arrange themselves in a lipid bilayer.
- Vesicles are membrane-bound compartments that help move chemicals in and out of cells.
- The plasma membrane is a flexible barrier made up of bilayers of phospholipids that are fluid, not solid.
- Transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane play roles in transport and signal transduction.
- Hydrophobic bonds stabilize the phospholipid bilayer.
- The plasma membrane selectively controls the passage of small molecules and proteins in and out of the cell.
- Diffusion is the simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane, either through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy and is mediated by transporters.
Cell Structure and Function
- The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells and new cells are created by old cells dividing.
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, sperm cells, blood cells, and the circulation of blood through capillaries.
- Viruses are not considered cells and are parasitic, entering human cells to replicate.
- Cells can be unicellular (made up of one cell) or multicellular (made up of billions of cells working together).
- The cell membrane separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment and regulates the passage of materials in and out of cells.
- Phospholipids, the main component of cell membranes, have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and arrange themselves in a lipid bilayer.
- Vesicles are membrane-bound compartments that help move chemicals in and out of cells.
- The plasma membrane is a flexible barrier made up of bilayers of phospholipids that are fluid, not solid.
- Transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane play roles in transport and signal transduction.
- Hydrophobic bonds stabilize the phospholipid bilayer.
- The plasma membrane selectively controls the passage of small molecules and proteins in and out of the cell.
- Diffusion is the simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane, either through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy and is mediated by transporters.
Test your knowledge of cell structure and function with this quiz! Learn about the cell theory, cell types, cell membrane, phospholipids, vesicles, plasma membrane, transmembrane proteins, and more. Challenge yourself to understand the mechanisms of diffusion and active transport.
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