37 Questions
Who was the first person to see cells and name them?
Robert Hooke
What object did Antony van Leeuwenhoek first study under the microscope?
Tartar scraped from his teeth
Which scientist was the first to propose that cells are the basic units of life?
Matthias J. Schleiden
What did Robert Brown observe in cells from orchid plants?
Nucleus
Who was the German physiologist who added a third component to the cell theory in 1855?
Rudolf Virchow
What did Robert Hooke use to create lenses for observing cells?
Melted spun glass
Which two scientists formulated the original cell theory with two main components?
Matthias J. Schleiden and Theodore Schwann
What did Robert Hooke compare the structures he saw in cells to when naming them?
Cells for monks
What did Antony van Leeuwenhoek fail to observe concerning single-celled animalcules?
Their reproductive process
How did Robert Hooke describe the structure he saw in what he called cells?
Cubical rooms
Which type of microscope can magnify up to 1600x?
Light Microscope
What did Louis Pasteur disprove in 1859?
Spontaneous Generation
Which type of microscope uses a magnetic field to focus a beam of electrons?
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
What is required for light to pass through an object and reveal internal features?
Specimens must be transparent or thinly sliced
Which type of microscope scans a beam of electrons over the surface of a metal-coated, three-dimensional specimen?
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
What is the highest level of magnification that a Scanning Electron Microscope can achieve?
50 million x
In which type of microscope does the microscope translate the contrasts in electron transmission into a high-resolution, two-dimensional image?
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?
Manufacture proteins
Which domain includes organisms with structurally simple cells?
Bacteria
What distinguishes Domain Archaea from bacteria?
Composition of phospholipids, cell walls, and flagella
What do Eukaryotic cells contain that Prokaryotic cells lack?
Nucleus
Who is credited with disproving the idea of spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur
Which molecule is instrumental in protein synthesis?
RNA
Which scientist proposed the early cell theory with only two components?
Rudolf Virchow
What is the role of proteins in a cell?
Carry out all of the cell's work
What is the main difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
Division of cytoplasm into organelles
Which structures protect the bacterial cell from bursting if it absorbs too much water?
Cell wall
Who discovered cells using lenses made from melted spun glass?
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
What differentiates Prokaryotic cells from Eukaryotic cells?
Presence of a nucleus
'Animalcules' refer to what in the context of early cell discoveries?
Microscopic organisms similar to bacteria
What did Carl Woese's studies in 1977 reveal about Prokaryotes?
They include two distantly related forms of life.
'Nucleoid' is a term associated with which type of cells?
Prokaryotic cells
Which domain contains the most abundant and diverse organisms on Earth?
Bacteria
'Flagella' are used by bacteria for what purpose?
Movement in fluids
What do ribosomes manufacture within a cell?
Proteins
'Eukarya' cells are typically known for being ____.
'Nucleated'
'Nucleus' was first discovered in cells from which type of plants?
'Orchid'
Study Notes
Cell History
- 1660: Robert Hooke discovered cells in the bark of an oak tree using lenses made from melted spun glass
- 1673: Antony van Leeuwenhoek improved lenses further, creating the earliest microscopes, and observed bacteria, protists, human red blood cells, and sperm
- Early 1830s: Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in cells from orchid plants
- 1839: Matthias J Schleiden and Theodore Schwann proposed a cell theory, consisting of two components:
- All organisms are made up of one or more cells
- The cell is the fundamental unit of life
- 1855: Rudolf Virchow added a third component to the cell theory: all cells come from preexisting cells
- 1859: Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation, providing evidence in support of the cell theory
- 1977: Carl Woese detected differences suggesting that Prokaryotes include two forms of life that are distantly related to each other (Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria)
Microscopes
- Light Microscopes:
- Generate true-color views of living or preserved cells
- Use visible light to reveal internal features
- Can magnify up to 1600x
- Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM):
- Send a beam of electrons through a thin slice of a specimen
- Use a magnetic field to focus the beam
- Can magnify up to 50 million x
- Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM):
- Scan a beam of electrons over the surface of a metal-coated, three-dimensional specimen
Cell Features
- All cells have common features that reflect their shared evolutionary history
- These features include:
- DNA: the cell's genetic information
- RNA: instrumental in protein synthesis
- Ribosomes: structures that manufacture proteins
- Proteins: carry out all of the cell's work
- Cytoplasm: includes all cell contents
- Cytosol: the fluid portion of the cytoplasm
- Lipid-rich Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane): forms a boundary between the cell and its environment
Cell Types and Domains
- Prokaryotes: lack a nucleus, include Bacteria and Archaea
- Eukaryotes: have cells that contain a nucleus, include Eukarya
- Domain Bacteria:
- Most abundant and diverse organisms on Earth
- Cells are structurally simple
- Nucleoid: area where the cell's circular DNA molecule congregates
- Rigid cell wall surrounds the cell membrane
- Many bacteria can swim in fluids using flagella
- Domain Archaea:
- Structurally very similar to bacteria, but differ in phospholipids, cell walls, and flagella
- Domain Eukarya:
- Members are typically large in size
- Cytoplasm divided into organelles, compartments that carry out specific functions
- Cells are nucleated
Test your knowledge of cell structure and function with this quiz. Learn about DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and different cell types across life's three domains.
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