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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a postulate of the cell theory?
Which of the following is NOT a postulate of the cell theory?
Abiotic things are living or come from living things.
Abiotic things are living or come from living things.
False (B)
What is the jelly-like substance inside a cell that the organelles float on?
What is the jelly-like substance inside a cell that the organelles float on?
cytoplasm
The uncoiled part of the DNA found within the nucleus is called _______.
The uncoiled part of the DNA found within the nucleus is called _______.
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Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of living things?
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of living things?
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Match the cell component with its main function.
Match the cell component with its main function.
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Organelles are primarily found outside of the cell membrane.
Organelles are primarily found outside of the cell membrane.
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What do ribosomes do?
What do ribosomes do?
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Which organelle is responsible for producing lipids and steroids?
Which organelle is responsible for producing lipids and steroids?
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Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus.
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What is the main function of the mitochondria?
What is the main function of the mitochondria?
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The rigid structure found outside of the cell membrane in plant cells is called the ______.
The rigid structure found outside of the cell membrane in plant cells is called the ______.
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Match the following cell cycle phases with their descriptions:
Match the following cell cycle phases with their descriptions:
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During which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart?
During which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart?
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Cancer cells are characterized by their controlled growth and division.
Cancer cells are characterized by their controlled growth and division.
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
What is the function of the cell membrane?
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The organelle responsible for producing ribosomes is the ______.
The organelle responsible for producing ribosomes is the ______.
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What is the purpose of cell division?
What is the purpose of cell division?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue?
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The spinal cord is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The spinal cord is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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What is the main function of the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
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During inhalation, the diaphragm _________.
During inhalation, the diaphragm _________.
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Match the following components of the respiratory system with their function:
Match the following components of the respiratory system with their function:
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Which of the following best describes the role of ligaments?
Which of the following best describes the role of ligaments?
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Osteoporosis is the increase in bone density.
Osteoporosis is the increase in bone density.
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What are the two main parts of the central nervous system?
What are the two main parts of the central nervous system?
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In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the ________ to the capillaries.
In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the ________ to the capillaries.
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Which of the following is considered an infection of the lung's alveoli?
Which of the following is considered an infection of the lung's alveoli?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of malignant cells?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of malignant cells?
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Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses physical removal of tumors.
Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses physical removal of tumors.
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What is the process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function?
What is the process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function?
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________ stem cells are found in embryos and can divide into any type of cell.
________ stem cells are found in embryos and can divide into any type of cell.
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Match the following tissues with their functions:
Match the following tissues with their functions:
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Which of the following is the correct order of the biological hierarchy of structure, from simplest to most complex?
Which of the following is the correct order of the biological hierarchy of structure, from simplest to most complex?
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Peristalsis is the process of absorbing nutrients in the small intestine.
Peristalsis is the process of absorbing nutrients in the small intestine.
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The liver produces _____, which aids in the breakdown of fats.
The liver produces _____, which aids in the breakdown of fats.
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What is the function of the gallbladder?
What is the function of the gallbladder?
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What condition results from acidic fluid from the stomach backing up into the esophagus?
What condition results from acidic fluid from the stomach backing up into the esophagus?
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Match the blood components with their primary function:
Match the blood components with their primary function:
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Arteries carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Arteries carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
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The marker on the surface of red blood cells is called an ________.
The marker on the surface of red blood cells is called an ________.
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What does an angiogram help diagnose?
What does an angiogram help diagnose?
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What is the function of tendons in the musculoskeletal system?
What is the function of tendons in the musculoskeletal system?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms.
- All cells come from previously existing cells.
- The activity of an entire organism depends on the total activity of its independent cells.
Organelles
- Organelles are structures within a cell that work together for cell function.
- They are like organs in the human body, each with a specific function.
- Most organelles are membrane-bound, controlling what enters and exits.
Important Cellular Structures (not organelles)
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance containing organelles. Provides structural support.
- Chromatin: Uncoiled DNA in the nucleus; provides instructions for cell life and replication.
- Ribosomes: Produce proteins (used for muscle and structure). Located in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.
Organelles Found in Plant and Animal Cells
- Cell Membrane: Encloses the cell's contents and controls what enters/exits. Selectively permeable.
- Nucleus: Protects and holds genetic material (DNA) and the nucleolus. Double-layered membrane.
- Nuclear Membrane: Double-layered membrane surrounding the nucleus.
- Nucleolus: Non-membrane-bound structure in the nucleus that produces ribosomes.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of folded membranes, involved in transporting materials.
- Rough ER: Has ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER: Produces lipids and steroids.
- Golgi Bodies: Stacked organelles that package and transfer materials in/out of the cell.
- Mitochondria: "Powerhouse of the cell"; creates energy by breaking down glucose. Double-membrane structure. Contains its own genetic material in animal cells.
- Vacuoles: Fluid-filled sacs for storage and digestion. Provides turgor pressure in plant cells.
Organelles Found in Animal Cells Only
- Lysosomes: Digest and recycle cellular material. Important for waste removal.
- Centrioles: Involved in cell division.
Organelles Found in Plant Cells Only
- Cell Wall: Rigid outer layer providing support and structure. Made of cellulose.
- Chloroplast: Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Found near the cell's edges. Contains its own genetic material.
Cell Classification
- Eukaryotic Cells: Contain a nucleus.
- Prokaryotic Cells: Do not contain a nucleus; genetic material floats in the cytoplasm (e.g., bacteria).
Cell Division
- Cell division occurs for repair, growth, and reproduction.
- The cell cycle involves interphase (longest phase, cell functions, DNA replicates), mitosis (division of genetic material) and cytokinesis (division of cell contents).
- Mitosis (4 phases): Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
- Cell division produces 2 daughter cells.
- Cell cycle checkpoints ensure proper cell function and division.
Cancer
- Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth and division.
- Characterized by: Uncontrolled growth, failure of checkpoints, failure of apoptosis - cell death.
- Two types:
- Benign: Non-cancerous, can disrupt surrounding cells.
- Malignant: Cancerous, destroys/disrupts nearby tissue. Potential for metastasis (spread).
- Diagnosing cancer may involve imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, ultrasounds, and endoscopy.
Specialized Cells and Differentiation
- Specialized cells have unique characteristics for specific functions.
- Cellular differentiation is the process where cells become specialized.
- Stem cells: Undifferentiated cells that can become specialized cell types.
- Embryonic stem cells: Found in embryos; can differentiate into any cell type.
- Tissue stem cells: Found in tissues; can differentiate into a limited number of cell types.
Cellular Hierarchy
- Organisms with complex structures are comprised of organized cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and the organism itself.
Tissues
- Epithelial tissue: Lines body surfaces and cavities; provides protection.
- Connective tissue: Supports, insulates, and connects; includes bone, ligament, cartilage, and blood.
- Muscle tissue: Responsible for movement.
- Nerve tissue: Conducts electrical impulses for communication.
Digestive System
- Includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
- Function: breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste.
- Disorders: Heartburn, ulcers,
Circulatory System
- Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body.
- Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Blood types (e.g., A, B, AB, O).
- Components: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
- Diseases: Coronary artery disease, heart attack.
Musculoskeletal System
- Bones and muscles for support and movement.
- Structures: bones providing support and structure, muscles providing force.
- Function: movement (muscles pulling on joints). Support(bones)
- Disorders: osteoporosis.
Nervous System
- Communication network that receives and delivers messages.
- Includes brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) and nerves (peripheral nervous system).
- Function: movement, thoughts, and reactions.
- Disorders: multiple sclerosis, concussions.
Respiratory System
- Lungs bring oxygen into the body and removes waste products from the body.
- Mechanism of breathing: inhaling (diaphragm contracts) and exhaling (diaphragm relaxes).
- Gas exchange (oxygen to blood, carbon dioxide from blood).
- Disorders: pneumonia, bronchiolitis, Tuberculosis (TB).
Other Systems (brief overview)
- Endocrine: Hormones.
- Excretory: Waste removal.
- Integumentary: Skin, hair, nails.
- Lymphatic & Immune: Immunity.
- Reproductive: Reproduction.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell theory, organelles, and important cellular structures. This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of cell biology, including the components of both plant and animal cells. Perfect for biology students wanting to reinforce their understanding of cellular functions.
