Cell Structure and Function Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the fluid within the nucleus called?

nucleoplasm

What are organelles?

Little organs; complex organized structures within cells.

Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.

False

What is osmosis?

The passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport?

Movement of substances against a concentration gradient. Signup and view all the answers

What does isotonic mean?

Same relative concentration Signup and view all the answers

What happens in hypotonic solutions?

Water enters the cell, potentially causing lysis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modifies, packages, and sorts materials that arrive from the ER. Signup and view all the answers

What are lysosomes?

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

Synthesize ATP through aerobic cellular respiration. Signup and view all the answers

What is transcription?

RNA synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What do epidermal ridges do?

Merge dermis and epidermis and deliver nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of growth hormone?

Stimulates liver to produce somatomedin, resulting in cartilage proliferation. Signup and view all the answers

What is anatomy?

Study of structure and form Signup and view all the answers

What is physiology primarily concerned with?

Study of the body's functions Signup and view all the answers

What does embryology study?

Developmental changes from conception to birth Signup and view all the answers

Define branches of anatomy.

Branches of anatomy include microscopic anatomy (cytology and histology) and gross anatomy (systemic and regional anatomy). Signup and view all the answers

Pathophysiology involves the study of the relationship between organ functions and diseases.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic qualities of life?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment. Signup and view all the answers

Positive feedback mechanisms reinforce responses within the body.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are cations?

Cations are positively charged ions. Signup and view all the answers

Define electrolytes.

Electrolytes are substances that dissolve and dissociate in water to create electric currents. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of enzymes?

Lower activation energy Signup and view all the answers

What are the major elements of the human body?

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, and Phosphorus. Signup and view all the answers

Glucose is a disaccharide.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical equation for respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy

Study of structure and form, derived from Greek Anatome meaning "to cut apart."
Anatomists explore relationships among body parts and individual organs.

Physiology

Focuses on the function of body parts.
Physiologists analyze normal organ and system functions, influenced by medications or diseases.

Branches of Anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy: Includes cytology (cells) and histology (tissues).
Gross Anatomy: Visible structures, can be systemic (by system) or regional (by area).

Embryology

Studies developmental changes from conception to birth.

Comparative Anatomy and Physiology

Examines anatomical and physiological similarities and differences across species.

Pathophysiology

Investigates how organ system functions alter due to disease or injury.

Basic Qualities of Life

Organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation (homeostasis).

Organization of the Human Body

Hierarchical levels: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system.

Anatomical Terminology

Anterior: in front.
Posterior: in back.
Dorsal: backside.
Ventral: belly side.
Superior: closer to the head.
Inferior: closer to the feet.
Deep: inside.
Superficial: outside.

Homeostasis

Ability to maintain a stable internal environment, involves receptors, control centers, and effectors.
Positive feedback reinforces a response, e.g., lactation.
Negative feedback counteracts changes to maintain set points.

Atoms and Chemical Bonds

Basic composition: protons, neutrons, electrons; atomic mass unit (amu) based on protons and neutrons.
Types of bonds: ionic (electron transfer) and covalent (electron sharing).

Major Elements of the Human Body

Composed predominantly of Oxygen (65%), Carbon (18%), Hydrogen (10%), Nitrogen (3%).

Ions and Electrolytes

Cations: positively charged ions.
Anions: negatively charged ions.
Electrolytes: substances that create electric currents in solution.

Organic Molecules

Contain carbon; includes lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides: simple sugars (e.g., glucose).
Disaccharides: two monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose).
Oligosaccharides: multiple monosaccharides.

Proteins

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds, form structures with various functions (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary).

Nucleic Acids

Store genetic information (RNA, DNA), composed of nucleotides (phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base).

Cellular Respiration

Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O; CO2 exhaled, H2O utilized in the body.

Cellular Components

Plasma membrane: outer barrier of the cell.
Nucleus: contains genetic material; nucleoplasm and nucleolus present.
Cytoplasm: contents within the cell.
Organelles: specialized structures (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes).

Cellular Transport Mechanisms

Diffusion: movement from high to low concentration.
Osmosis: water movement through a membrane.
Active transport: moves substances against concentration gradients using ATP.

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Endocytosis: uptake of substances into the cell via vesicles.
Exocytosis: secretion of substances from the cell.

Skin Anatomy

Functions: protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, immunity.
Layers: epidermis, dermis (papillary and reticular), subcutaneous layer.

Glandular Functions

Sebaceous glands: discharge oil.
Sweat glands: regulate temperature via meocrine (sweat) and apocrine (on hair follicles) glands.

Bone and Growth Disorders

Rickets: insufficient vitamin D in children; results in weak, bowed bones.
Osteoporosis: bone density loss, common in aging populations, particularly Caucasian women.
Achondroplasia: genetic condition causing dwarfism due to halted long bone growth.

Ossification Processes

Endochondral ossification: cartilage transformed into bone.
Intramembranous ossification: bone grows within a membrane, forming flat bones (e.g., skull).

Growth Hormone

Stimulates liver to produce somatomedin, promoting cartilage growth and bone elongation at growth plates.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamental components of cells, including nucleoplasm, cytoplasm, and organelles. This quiz will cover definitions and functions of cellular structures to help deepen your understanding of biology.