Cell Structure and Function

Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes take place
Nucleus: Control center of the cell where DNA is stored
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport
Ribosomes: Small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs
Lysosomes: Membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste
Golgi Apparatus: Complex of flattened sacs and tubules involved in protein modification and transport

Metabolism: Chemical reactions that occur within the cell to maintain life
Growth and Development: Cells grow, divide, and differentiate to form tissues and organs
Response to Stimuli: Cells respond to changes in their environment through signaling pathways
Reproduction: Cells divide to produce new cells through mitosis or meiosis
Waste Management: Cells remove waste products through exocytosis and autophagy

Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a true nucleus, found in bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic Cells: Possess a true nucleus, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Stem Cells: Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells

Interphase: Cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division
Mitosis: Process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with identical DNA
Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells

Cell membrane: Separates the cell from its environment, semi-permeable, and allows selective passage of molecules.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes, such as glycolysis, take place; maintains cell shape and provides mechanical support.
Nucleus: Control center of the cell, stores DNA, and regulates gene expression.

Mitochondria: Generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration, converting glucose into ATP.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and detoxification; has two types: rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes).
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, found throughout the cytoplasm, and composed of rRNA and proteins.
Lysosomes:Membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes, responsible for cellular digestion and recycling.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and transports proteins and lipids, forming vesicles for secretion or lysosomal degradation.

Metabolic Pathways: Chemical reactions that occur within the cell to maintain life, including glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain.
Cell Growth and Development: Involves cell growth, division, and differentiation, leading to tissue and organ formation.
Cell Signaling: Cells respond to stimuli through signaling pathways, which involve receptors, signal transduction, and effectors.
Cell Division: Involves mitosis (division of the nucleus) and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).
Waste Management: Cells remove waste products through exocytosis (removing excess substances) and autophagy (recycling cellular components).

Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a true nucleus, have a single circular chromosome, and are found in bacteria and archaea.
Eukaryotic Cells: Possess a true nucleus, have linear chromosomes, and are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Stem Cells: Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells, maintaining tissue homeostasis.
Interphase: Cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division.
Mitosis: Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, resulting in two daughter cells with identical DNA.

The plasma membrane is semi-permeable, regulating what enters and leaves the cell.
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where metabolic processes occur.
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing most of the cell's genetic material (DNA).
Mitochondria produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis, transport, and storage.
Ribosomes are small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, breaking down and recycling cellular waste and foreign substances.
The Golgi Apparatus is a complex of flattened sacs and tubules involved in protein modification, sorting, and packaging.

Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and are typically found in bacteria.
Eukaryotic cells possess a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and are typically found in plants, animals, and fungi.

Metabolism is the conversion of energy and nutrients to sustain life.
Cell division involves the growth, replication, and division of cells through mitosis and meiosis.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.

Passive transport is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input, including diffusion and osmosis.
Active transport is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane requiring energy input, including pumps and transport proteins.
Cell signaling is the communication between cells through signaling molecules and receptors.